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Chapter 2
Water Pressure and Pressure Force (Revision)
2.1 Free Surface of Water
• A horizontal surface upon which the pressure is
constant every where.
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2.2 Absolute and Gage Pressures
• Atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to a
10.33-m-high column of water at sea level.
• Any object located below the water surface is
subjected to a pressure greater than the atmospheric
pressure (P > Patm).
Let:
dA = cross-sectional area of
the prism.
the prism is at rest. So, all
forces acting upon it must be in
equilibrium in all directions.
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Equilibrium in x- direction:
Fx = PA dA – PB dA + g L dA sin q = 0
Notice that:
• If the two points are on the same elevation, h = 0
PA=PB
• In other words, for water at rest, the pressure at all points
in a horizontal plane is the same.
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If the water body has a free surface that is exposed to
atmospheric pressure, Patm. Point A is positioned on the free
surface such that PA= Patm
(PB )abs= PA + g h = Patm + g h = absolute pressure
Notice that:
• Any change in pressure at point B would cause an equal
change at point A, because the difference in pressure head
between the two points must remain constant = h.
Pascal's law :
A pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is
transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions
to every other point in the liquid.
This principle has been made use of in the hydraulic jacks
that lift heavy weights by applying relatively small forces.
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Example 2.1
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2.3 Surface of Equal Pressure
• The hydrostatic pressure in a body of water varies with the
vertical distance measured from the free surface of the
water body.
• All points on a horizontal surface in the water have the
same pressure.
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2.4 Manometers
A manometer
Is a tube bent in the form of a U containing a fluid of known
specific gravity. The difference in elevations of the liquid
surfaces under pressure indicates the difference in pressure
at the two ends.
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A simple step-by-step procedure for pressure computation
Step1: Make a sketch of the manometer system
approximately to scale.
Step 3:
a) For open manometers
P2 = P1
gM.h = gW.y + PA
PA = gM.h - gW.y
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A simple step-by-step procedure for pressure computation
DP = PA – PB = h (gM - gw )
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Example 2.2
Determine the pressure
difference DP
Solution:
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Single-reading manometer A differential manometer
installed in a flow - measured system
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2.5 Hydrostatic Force on a Flat Surface
• The area AB of the back face of a dam inclines at an angle (q ), and,
• X - axis lies on the line at which the water free surface intersects with
the dam surface,
• Y - axis running down the direction of the dam surface.
h
h
Where:
y y dA A is the distance measured from the x-axis to the
A centroid (C.G.) of the plane
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Notes:
• Pressure forces acting on a plane surface are distributed over
every part of the surface.
• The point on the plane surface at which this resultant force acts
is known as the center of pressure (C.P.).
y dF dA
2
y
Ix I o Ay 2 I o
YP A
A
y
F Ay Mx Ay Ay 18
The centroid, area, and moment of inertia with respect to the
centroid of some common geometrical plane surfaces are given
below.
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Example 2.3
For the vertical trapezoidal gate,
Determine F and YP
Solution:
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Example 2.3
Determine F and YP
Solution:
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2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• The hydrostatic force on a curved surface can be best analyzed by
resolving the total pressure force on the surface into its horizontal and
vertical components.
• Then combine these forces to obtain the resultant force and its direction.
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F x 0 FH FA' B
• FH = Resultant force on the projection of the curved surface onto a
vertical plane.
F y 0 FV WAA' WABA'
F FH2 FV2
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Pressure distribution on a semi-cylindrical gate
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2.7 Buoyancy
Archimedes' Principle
Fb g FluidVDisplaced by Body
• The buoyant force has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body and is directed vertically upward.
• This force will act vertically upward through the centroid of the volume of
fluid displaced, known as the centre of buoyancy.
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Buoyancy of a submerged body
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• When the body is displaced through an angle q , the center
of buoyancy move from B to B` and a turning moment is
produced.
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2.8 Flotation Stability
The equilibrium of a body may be:
• Stable Equilibrium : if when displaced returns to
equilibrium position.
• Neutral Equilibrium
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