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Section 2-6
M A R I O F. T R I O L A
Copyright © 1998, Triola,
Copyright © 1998, Triola,Elementary
Elementary Statistics
Addison Wesley Longman
Statistics 1
Measure of Position
x
z= s– x
x – x z= x – µ
z= s
x – x z= x – µ
z= s
round to 2 decimal places
Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics
Addison Wesley Longman 6
FIGURE
Interpreting Z Scores
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Quartiles, Deciles,
Percentiles
Q1 Q2 Q3
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9
or
Fractiles
Fractiles
partitions data into approximately equal parts
n = number of scores
k = percentile in question
The value of the kth percentile
is midway between the Lth score
and the next higher score in the
Is
L a whole Yes original set of data. Find Pk by
number adding the L th score and the
?
next higher score and dividing the
No
total by 2.
Change L by rounding
it up to the next
larger whole number.
Q2 = P50
Q3 = P75
Section 2-7
M A R I O F. T R I O L A
Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics
Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics
30
Addison Wesley Longman
Addison Wesley Longman
Exploratory Data Analysis
Used to explore data at a
preliminary level
Few or no assumptions are made
about the data
Tends to involve relatively simple
calculations and graphs
60 68.5 78
52 90
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Normal
Normal Uniform
100
90
80
PULSE
70
60
50
40
1 2
(yes) SMOKE (No)
Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics
Addison Wesley Longman 40
Modified Boxplots
Box-and-Whisker Diagram