Human Anatomy and

Physiology Introduction

Instructor:
Maria Estela L. Villegas RN MN
Anatomy
 the study of the structure and shape of the
body and body parts and their relationships to
one another.
 “ana”- apart
 “tomy” - to cut
Physiology
 Is the study of:
 functions of anatomical structures, both
individual and cooperative

 (physio – nature; ology = the study of)

Gastro intestinal tract
 Principle of Complimentarity
Gross Anatomy
 Structures large enough that
one can see with the unaided
eye
 Surface Anatomy - study of
superficial markings
 Regional Anatomy - The study
of specific areas of the body
(e.g. head, trunk)
 Systemic Anatomy - Study of
the 11* specific organ systems
Microscopic Anatomy

 Involves studying
anatomical
structures that
cannot be seen with
the unaided eye
1. Cytology - cells
2. Histology - tissue
Levels of Structural
Organization
Molecules

Atoms

Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Levels of Structural
Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules

Cellular level Atoms

Cells are made up of
molecules

Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 2

Levels of Structural
Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules

Cellular level Atoms

Cells are made up of
molecules

Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

Smooth
muscle
tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells

Figure 1.1, step 3

Levels of Structural
Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules

Cellular level Atoms

Cells are made up of
molecules

Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells

Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ)
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types Figure 1.1, step 4
of tissues
Levels of Structural
Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules

Cellular level Atoms

Cells are made up of
molecules

Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

Smooth
muscle
Tissue level tissue
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells

Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) Cardio-
Connective vascular
tissue system
Organ level
Organs are made up Figure 1.1, step 5
of different types Organ system level
of tissues Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Levels of Structural Organization

Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

2 Cellular level
Atoms
Cells are made up of
molecules.

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.

Smooth
muscle
tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of Heart
similar types of cells. Cardiovascular
system Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism
tissue is made up of many
organ systems.
4 Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types 5 Organ system level
of tissues. Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1
Homeostasis
 Homeostasis: ability to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment in an ever-
changing outside world
 The internal environment of the body is in a
dynamic state of equilibrium
 Integration
 Homeo "similar" and stasis, "standing still"
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms
 Variables produce a change in the body
 The three interdependent components of
control mechanisms (Feedback System) :
 Receptor – monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli).
 Control center – determines the set point at
which the variable is maintained.
 Effector – provides the means to respond to
stimuli.
 Variable
(in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 1a

Stimulus:
Produces
change Variable
in variable (in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 1b

 Receptor (sensor)

Change
detected
by receptor

Stimulus:
Produces
change Variable
in variable (in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 2

 Input:
Control
Information
center
sent along
afferent
pathway to

Receptor (sensor)

Change
detected
by receptor

Stimulus:
Produces
change Variable
in variable (in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 3

 Input:
Control Output:
Information
center Information sent
sent along
afferent along efferent
pathway to pathway to activate

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Change
detected
by receptor

Stimulus:
Produces
change Variable
in variable (in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 4

 Input:
Control Output:
Information
center Information sent
sent along
afferent along efferent
pathway to pathway to activate

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Change
detected
by receptor

Response of
Stimulus: effector feeds
Produces back to
change influence
Variable
in variable (in homeostasis) magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis

Figure 1.4, step 5

Regulation
 Negative feedback - a reaction in which the
system responds in such a way as to reverse
the direction of change
 Positive feedback - a response is to intensify
the change in the variable
Negative Feedback
 Most common way that homeostasis is
maintained in the body
 In negative feedback systems the
response of the effector contradicts or
opposes the stimulus (shuts off the original
stimulus)
Negative Feedback

Figure 1–4
Positive Feedback
 The response of the
effector output
reinforces or
exaggerates the
stimulus

Figure 1–5
Homeostatic Imbalance
 Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s
normal equilibrium
 This is often used as the definition of
“disease”
Assignment:
 Explain why homeostasis is important
to maintain life.
 Give at least 1 example of a stimulus
affecting the Control Mechanism of
Homeostasis using either negative or
positive feedback.
Organ System Overview
Body Covering
 The integumentary
system, including
skin, hair, nails, and
various glands,
covers the body,
senses changes
outside the body, and
helps regulate body
temperature.
Support and Movement
 The skeletal system,
made up of bones and
ligaments, supports,
protects, provides
frameworks, stores
inorganic salts, and
houses blood-forming
tissues.
 The muscular system
consists of the muscles
that provide body
movement, posture, and
body heat.
Integration and Coordination

 The nervous system

consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves,
and sense organs. It
integrates information
incoming from
receptors and sends
impulses to muscles
and glands
Integration and Coordination

 The endocrine
system, including all
of the glands that
secrete hormones.
Hormones circulate in
the body fluids and
act on specific target
cells to help to
integrate and control
metabolic functions
Transport
 The cardiovascular
system, made up of the
heart and blood vessels,
distributes oxygen and
nutrients throughout the
body while removing
wastes from the cells.
 The lymphatic system,
consisting of lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes,
thymus, and spleen,
drains excess tissue fluid
and includes cells of
immunity.
Absorption and Excretion

 The digestive system,

made up of the
mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines
and accessory
organs, receives,
breaks down, and
absorbs nutrients.
Absorption and Excretion
 The respiratory
system exchanges
gases between the
blood and air and is
made up of the lungs
and passageways for
air.
Absorption and Excretion

 The urinary system,

consisting of the
kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra,
removes wastes from
the blood and helps to
maintain water and
electrolyte balance.
Reproduction
 The male reproductive
system consists of the
testes, accessory organs,
and vessels that conduct
sperm to the penis.
 The female reproductive
system consists of
ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, and
external genitalia. The
female reproductive
system also houses the
developing offspring.
Body Planes and
Directions
 Anatomical Position

• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away
from body

Figure 1.7a
Anatomical Position
 Body Planes
There are three body
planes:
a) Transverse or
Horizontal- divides
the body into a top
and bottom.
b) Mid-Sagittal or
Median- divides the
body into an equal
right and left side.
c) Frontal or Coronal-
divides the body into
a front and a back
side.
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Body Cavities
 The cavities, or spaces, of the
body contain the internal
organs, or viscera. The two
main cavities are called:
A. ventral- is the larger
cavity and is
subdivided into two
parts thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities) by the
diaphragm, a dome-
shaped respiratory muscle.
Body Cavity
B. Dorsal cavities -the
smaller cavity and is
divided into two parts
the upper portion, or
the cranial cavity,
houses the brain,
and the lower portion,
houses the spinal
cord.
Regions in the Body
Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11a
 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

 Right upper (RUQ)

 Left upper (LUQ)
 Right lower (RLQ)
 Left lower (LLQ)

Figure 1.12