• ABACUS

• PASCAL
• CHARLES BABBAGE
• GOTTFRIED
• MARK I
• JOHN NUEMANN
 ABACUS
• An abacus, also called a counting frame, is a
calculating tool used primarily by Asians for
performing arithmetic processes.
• The user of an abacus is called an abacist.
• The time-line below traces the developing
abacus from its beginnings circa 500 B.C., to
the present.
• As arithmetic (counting using
written numbers) gained
popularity in the
latter part of the
Middle Ages, the use
of the abacus began to diminish
in Europe.
• The abacus as we know it today,
appeared (was chronicled) circa
1200 A.D. in China; in Chinese, it
is called suan-pan
 PASCAL
• Pascal is an influential imperative and
procedural programming language,
developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a
small and efficient language.
• Pascal is based on the ALGOL
programming language and
named in honor of the French
mathematician and philosopher
Blaise Pascal .
• The first Pascal compiler was designed in
Zurich for the CDC 6000 series mainframe
computer family.
 The first Pascal compiler written in North
America was constructed at the
University of Illinois under Donald B.
Gillies for the PDP-11.

 Pascal, in its original form, is a purely

procedural language and includes the
traditional array of Algol-like control
structures with reserved words such as if,
then, else, while, for, and so on.
 CHARLES BABBAGE
• Char les Ba bba ge, (26 December
1791 London, England – 18 October
1871 Marylebone, London, England)

• Soon after the attempt at

making the difference
engine crumbled,Babbage
started designing a different, more
complex machine called the
Analytical Engine.
In 1824, Babbage won the Gold Medal of
the Royal Astronomical Society "for his
invention of an engine for calculating
mathematical and astronomical
tables.
Babbage also achieved notable
results in cryptography.

Babbage twice stood for Parliament as a

candidate for the borough of Finsbury. In
1832 he came in third among five
candidates, but in 1834 he finished last
 GOTTFRIED
LEIBNIZ
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also
Leibnitz or von Leibniz (July 1
(June 21 Old Style) 1646 –
November 14, 1716) was a
German polymath who wrote
primarily in Latin and French.
 He occupies an equally grand

place in both the history of

philosophy and the history of
mathematics.

He also wrote on politics, law,
ethics, theology, history, and
philology, even occasional
verse.
Leibniz's best known
contribution to metaphysics is
his theory of monads, as
exposited in Monadologie.
 HARVARD MARK I
• The IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC),
called the Mark I by Harvard
University, was the first large-scale
automatic digital computer in the
USA.
• The Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(Harvard Mark I) was the
first operating machine that could
execute long computations
 JOHN VON NUEMANN
 Von Neumann's abstract treatment
permitted him also to confront the
foundational issue of determinism vs.
non-determinism.
 His first significant contribution
was the minimax theorem of
1928. This theorem
establishes that in
certain zero sum games
involving perfect
► Von Neumann's second important
contribution in this area was the
solution, in 1937, of a problem first
described by Léon Walras in 1874.
► Von Neumann's principal contribution
to the atomic bomb itself was in the
concept and design of the explosive
lenses.
►Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb
work was also played out in the
realm of computing.