2014ENG 7.

5 – BUILDING STRUCTURES AND EARTH QUAKE RESISTANT

STRUCTURES - VII
CONTACT PERIODS: 6 (LECTURE) PER WEEK
VIVA MARKS 100 PROGRESSIVE MARKS : 100
OBJECTIVE: Integration of structures with architectural objectives by developing informed intuition for structures,
emphasizing underlying concepts, synergy of form and structure towards creative design integration.To develop
an understanding and design of structures for gravity and lateral seismic loads.

OUTLINE

1) Term project Introduction: High Rise Building or A Stadium Roof

2) National Building Code load calculation: Gravity loading: Dead and live load calculation.
3) Understanding earthquakes and Seismology: Earthquake- Origin and Propagation; Complexity of Ground
Motion; Earthquake occurrence in the world, plate tectonics, faults, earthquake hazard maps of India & and the States.
Causes of earthquake, seismic waves; magnitude, intensity, epicenter and energy release, characteristics of strong
earthquake ground motions, Seismological Instruments: Seismograph, Accelerograph and Seismoscope.
4) Earthquakes Effects on Buildings: How buildings respond to earthquakes; Building forms and Seismic effects
related to building configuration. Materials, Plan & vertical irregularities, redundancy. Horizontal & vertical eccentricities in
mass and stiffness distribution, soft storey etc.
5) Earthquake Resistant Design Strategies: Concept of seismic design, stiffness, strength, period, ductility, damping,
hysteric energy dissipation, center of mass, center of rigidity, torsion, design eccentricities.
a) Seismic Resistance System
b) Seismic Isolation System
c) Seismic Damping System
6) Indian Codes for Seismic Design: Seismic loading based on IS 1893 Code Static Analysis Procedure: Horizontal
seismic co-efficient, valuation of base shear, distribution of shear forces in single and multistory building.
7) Structural Detailing in Earthquake Resistant Construction: Seismic Detailing of Masonry buildings (IS: 4326),
Seismic Designs & Detailing of RC & Steel Buildings: IS: 1893 - 2002; IS: 13920 - 1993; IS: 456 - 2000; IS: 800 - 2004.
8) Wind loading: Wind loading based on Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3).
9) Structural framing identification
10) Project review
11) Project review
12) Final review
 New VTU Syllabus for B.Arch- III-VII Sem.

How to conduct and assess student work during the

Viva examination including preparation of model
question for the viva examination?

1) Do we have a portfolio of work? Or Drawings of minimum one plate on loading

calculation and each Concrete Structural System including structural system
elements, slab, beam, column and footing?

a) What is the weightage of marks for Plates and Portfolio? 50-50?

b) How many question per student?

c) How many question we need in the question Bank?

e) Can we cover all the questions asked in Viva in the Semester?

1) Term project Introduction
(High Rise Building or A Stadium Roof)
1) Term project Introduction
(A Stadium Roof)
1) Term project Introduction
(High Rise Building )
2) National Building Code Load Calculation:

Structural Analysis and Design to satisfy

Building Codes and Standards;

Gravity loading: Dead and Live load calculation

based on IS 875 (Part 1&2)
Structural Analysis and Design to Satisfy Building Codes and Standards :

IS:456:2000 IS:875:1987(Part-1) IS:875:1987(Part-2)

Design Dead Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Dead Load

Self Load: It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.

Superimposed Dead Load: It is the load supported by a structural member.

Example: Flooring
Design Live Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Live Load: “Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings”
Seismic loading: Seismic loading calculation based
on IS 1893 Code Static Analysis Procedure
Code Static Analysis Procedure
The total base shear is determined by static analysis using an empirical formula and
distribution along the height of the building is per another expression.
Code Static Analysis Procedure
F=AM VB = Ah W
VB: Design Seismic Base Shear
W: The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus
appropriate amount of imposed load
Ah: Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value using the
fundamental Natural period Ta.

 Z I   S a 
A h     
Z : Zone factor
 2 R   g 
I : Importance factor
R : Response Reduction Factor or R denotes the numerical coefficient representative
of the inert over strength and global ductility of lateral force resisting system

Sa
: Response Acceleration Coefficient
g

The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered

Earthquake zone factor to the factor for Design Basic Earthquake (DBE) elastic level
The Seismic Weight (W) VB = Ah W
Design imposed loads for earthquake force calculation is based on the clause 7.3.1
and 7.3.2 of IS 1893.

7.3.1- For various load classes as specified in IS 875 - 7.3.2- For calculation of the
part2 (Code of practice for design loads for Buildings design seismic force of the
and Structures), the earthquake forces shall be structure, the imposed load on
calculated for the full dead load plus appropriate roof need not be considered.
amount of imposed load as given in Table-8
 Design Basic Earthquake

Z: Zone factors for Maximum

Considered Earthquake (MCE) and
for service life of structure in a Zone

 Z I   S a 
A h     
 2 R   g 
  Z I   S a 
Importance Factors, I A h     
 2 R   g 

Structure Importance Factor

Important service and community buildings,

such as hospitals; schools; monumental
structures; emergency buildings like telephone 1.5
exchange, television stations, radio stations,
railway stations, fire station buildings; large
community halls like cinemas, assembly halls
and subway stations power Stations

All Other Buildings

1.0
NOTES: The design engineer may choose values of importance factor I greater than
those mentioned above.
 Response Reduction Factor (R) for Building Systems
This Response Reduction Factor (R) for Building Systems preliminary depends upon the ductility (Rotational and
displacement). R factor generally considers the non linear ability of structure. More the ductility or rotational capacity
more is the R factor. e.g for moment resistant frame response reduction factor is 5, where as for shear wall system
response reduction factor is 3.

Lateral Load Resisting System R

i) Ordinary RC moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3  Z I   S a 
ii) Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 5 A h     
iii Steel frame with  2 R   g 
a) Concentric braces 4
b) Eccentric braces 5
iv) Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 5
Buildings with Shear Walls
v) Load bearing masonry wall buildings
a) Unreinforced masonry 1.5
b) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands 2.5
c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars 3
vi) Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 3
vii) Ductile shear walls 4
Buildings with Dual Systems
viii) Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3
ix) Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4
x) Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5
xi) Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5
 1g
.03gto.3g
Lateral Load Resisting System
Architects are familiar with identifying an effective vertical
system (column location) for vertical loads (1g), similarly
they should identify lateral system to resist earthquake loads
(.05g to .3g)
1g .03g to .3g

Lateral System
1) Unreinforced Masonry Wall
2) Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (Includes Lift Core )
3) Ordinary RC Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)
4) Ordinary Shear Wall with Moment Resisting Frame
1g
5) Braced Frame
.03g to .3g

1g
.03g to .3g
Structural System for
low-rise Building
Fundamental Natural Period based Static Procedure

Time of vibration (Ta), in seconds, of a moment resisting frame building without brick infill
panels may be estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.075h^0.75, for RC frame building
Ta = 0.085h^0.75, for Steel frame building

h = Height of building in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are
connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But, it
includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta), in seconds, of all other
buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be
estimated by the empirical expression:
Ta = 0.09h/ d^1/2
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of
the lateral force.
Code Damping
Code Response Spectrum is based on 5% damping. Multiplying factor as given
in Table-3 shall be used to get responses for other damping values
Response acceleration coefficient

 Z I   S a 
A h     
 2 R   g 
Generally, buildings with higher natural frequencies, and a
short natural period, tend to suffer higher accelerations but
smaller displacement. In the case of buildings with lower
natural frequencies, and a long natural period, this is
reversed as the buildings will experience lower accelerations
but larger displacements.
Vertical distribution of Base Shear

Code Dynamic Analysis base shear and

Code Static Analysis base shear are
essentially same as shown before, however
distribution to different levels along the
height of the building is different in static
and dynamic analysis (because in dynamic
analysis the internal force depends on the
rate of loading and on the stiffness and
mass characteristics of the structure)
Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value for an Ordinary Moment Frame Building
using the fundamental natural period .13 Seconds located in Bangalore on a Medium Site
Structural System for Tall Building
8) Wind loading: Wind loading based on
Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
8) Wind loading
8) Wind loading: Wind loading calculation based
on Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
5) Wind loading: Wind loading calculation based
on Indian Standard I.S. 875 (Part 3)
9) Structural framing Identification;
10)Term Project review
11)Term Project Review
12) Final review

CONTACT PERIODS: 6 (LECTURE+STUDIO) PER WEEK

VIVA MARKS: 100 PROGRESSIVE MARKS: 100

Note:

1) This course is to be conducted jointly by Structures and Architecture Design Studio faculty.
2) The entire portfolio on Term Project shall be presented for viva exam.

REFERENCE:
1)STRUCTURES - Martin Bechthold, Daniel L Schodek, and PHI Learning Private limited.
2) Earthquake tips, Learning earthquake design and construction, CVR.Murthy, National information
centre of earthquake engineering, IIT Kanpur & BMTPC New Delhi