Gases

The 4 basic properties of gas are :

• P – pressure – number of collisions /
strength(energy) of collisions on the side of
container
• V – volume
• T – temperature
• n – amount of moles
If one of these properties changes then all the
others are also affected.
 Pressure
Density
Boyle’s Law follows the idea that pressure
results from the collisions of the gas particles
with the walls of the container, if the volume of
the gas sample is decreased the same number of
gas particles is crowded into a smaller volume
resulting in more collisions with the walls
resulting in increase in pressure.

P₁V₁=P₂V₂
Indirect relationship between P and V
Charles’s Law explains how when the
temperature of a gas sample increases the gas
particles move faster collisions with the walls are
more frequent and the force exerted with each
collision is greater, the only way for the pressure
to remain constant is that the gas will occupy a
larger volume so that the collisions become less
frequent and occur over a larger area.

V₁ = V₂
T₁ T₂
Direct relationship between V and T
Avogadro’s Law explains when the amount of
gas in a sample increases at constant
temperature and pressure, its volume increases
in direct proportion because the greater number
of gas particles fill more space
V₁ V₂
=
n₁ n₂
 Moles in mol
Pressure in atm
Temperature in K

PV=nRT

Volume in L

Gas constant
8.314 mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
0.08206 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
62.36 L torr mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
 P= nRT
V
V= nRT
P
PV=nRT

n= PV
RT
The volume occupied by one mole of a
substance is its molar volume.
STP – standard temperature and pressure
-T=273K and P=1atm
1 mol of an ideal gas at STP has 22.4L molar
volume.
d = PMM
RT
MM = gRT= dRT
PV P
The pressure due to any individual component in
a gas mixture is its partial pressure Pn
Ptotal= Pa+Pb+Pc+…..
na
�a=
ntotal
Pa= �aPtotal
When collecting gases under water we must
account the vapor pressure that corresponds to
that temperature
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. The size of the particle is negligibly small, they occupy no
volume even though they have mass
2. The average kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to
the temperature in kelvins, the motion of atoms or
molecules in a gas is due to thermal energy which
distributes itself among the particles of the gas, at any
moment some particles move faster than others but the
higher the temperature the greater the average kinetic
energy. KE at same temperature is the same for everyone
but the speed is different because of MM.
3. The collision of one particle with another or with the walls
of the container is completely elastic, meaning when two
particles collide they may exchange energy but there isn’t
overall loss of energy.
In a gas mixture at a given temperature lighter particles
travel faster on average than heavier ones.
Speed of molecules increases by temperature and
molar mass.
KE of molecules increases only by temperature.
Diffusion – spreading out of molecules
Effusion – movement trough a small hole
- light gases effuse and diffuse faster
ratea √MMb
=
rateb √MMa
Real gases deviate from ideal gases because of
volume and IMFs.
IMFs increase with polarity and total
number of electrons and surface area
They behave like ideal gases when the
temperature is high(enough to break the IMFs)
and the pressure is low(molecules are apart)
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
Julija Stojanova