c


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 m
 


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 [


 
j 1.The Revolution of 1688.
j 2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the
conservative Tories came into being.
However another party also existed, the
Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts
back to the throne.
j 3. the rapid development of social life
 m     c 
  
j The eighteenth-
eighteenth-century England is also known
as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of
Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a
progressive movement which flourished in
France and swept through the whole Western
Europe at the time.
j The Enlightenment was an expression of
struggle of the then progressive class of
bourgeoisie against feudalism. The movement
was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose
was to enlighten the whole world with the light
of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
j The enlighteners fought against class
inequality, stagnation, prejudices and
other survivals of feudalism.
j The enlighteners celebrated reason or
rationality, equality and science. They held
that rationality or reason should be the
only, the final cause of any human
thought and activities. They called for a
reference to order, reason and rules.
j They believed that when reason served as the
yardstick for the measurement of all human
activities and relations, every superstition,
injustice and oppression was to yield place to
"eternal truth", eternal justice" and "natural
equality". The enlighteners advocated universal
education. They believed that human beings
were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet
capable of rationality and perfection through
education.
  

 


j Famous among the great enlighteners in
England were those great writers are:
j Alexander Pope
j Joseph Addison
j Sir Richard Steele
j Jonathan Swift
j Samuel Richardson
j Daniel Defoe
j Henry Fielding
j Samuel Johnson
 


j It is an age of prose rather than poetry.
There are three main divisions:

j 1. the reign of classicism

j 2. the revival of romantic poetry

j 3. the beginnings of the modern novels

 


j The novel
j neoclassicism
j sentimentalism
j pre--romanticism
pre

j Heroic couplet
j The graveyard group
j Gothic novel
 m

j 1. -
:

: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in
literature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson were
major exponents of the neoclassical school.
j It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient
Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in the
contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the
stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion,
restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.

j Homer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western

literature, the Iliad Î


 and the Odyssey Î , are
attributed to him.
j Aeneid, Î
Virgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem Aeneid,



  which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sack
Troy 
 .
of Troy 
 .
j Horace: Roman lyric poet. His Odes and Satires Î   Î



 have exerted a major influence on English poetry.
j Voltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the
Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. He
wroteCandide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (1764).
j O
  

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j Diderot: French philosopher and writer whose supreme

accomplishment was his work on theEncyclop¢
theEncyclop¢die (1751-
(1751-1772),
which epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrote
novels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle of
friends and colleagues.
j ¹$%(1713--1784)   &'()
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 -  
j 2. -
 :: a book-
book-length fictional prose narrative, having
many characters and often a complex plot.
j Character: it is an individual within a literary work.
Characters may be complex and well developed (round
character) or undifferentiated and one-
one-dimensional (flat
character) .
j Protagonist: the central character of a drama, novel,
short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the
character on whom the action centers and with whom
the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist
strives against an opposing force, or antagonist, to
accomplish something.
j Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short story,
novel, play or narrative poem.
 m  -  
j 0


 
 :: the novel which exploits the
possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes,
decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages,
instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music
behind which lurks no one knows what as the central
story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an
obsessed and haggard villain. The real originator of
English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with his
famous Castle of Otranto (1764) .
j These novels rebel against the increasing commercialism
and rationalism opened up to later fiction the dark,
irrational side of human nature.
 c 
-  
j 4. c 
  
 : : a type of nnovel in
which the narrative is carried on by means
of series of letters. Samuel RichardsonÛ
RichardsonÛs
Pamela (1740) and Clarissa Harlowe (1748)
are among the best known epistolary
novels.
j It can be classified into two kinds: the
monologue epistolary novel and the
dialogue epistolary novel
   
j : is a literal movement in
ó   :
the middle of the 18th century in England which
concentrates on the distressed of the poor
unfortunate and virtuous people and
demonstrates that effusive emotion was
evidence of kindness and goodness. It reveals
grief, pains and tears. The representatives are
Laurence Sterne who wrote A Sentimental
Journey through France and Italy (1768) and
Oliver Goldsmith who wrote The Vicar of
Wakefield (1766).
j It came into being as a result of a better
discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in
social reality.
 Ñ

 
Ñ

j
: a literal trend in
3  
:
the English literature of the latter half of
the 18th century which composes the
romance devoted to the medieval times.
William Blake and Robert Burns are two
representatives of pre-
pre-romanticists.
 è  è 
j Defoe's "Robinson
"Robinson Crusoe"
Crusoe" was one of the forerunners of
the English realistic novel.
j CrusoeThe book is an
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
expression of the bourgeois qualities of individualism and
private enterprise. Robinson is a new man - a man sure
of himself and sure of being able to establish himself
anywhere in the world. He is a man of a new age, in
which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and
confidence. Robinson is the enterpriser of his age. He is
ready to command nature, his enemy, and to found his
colony beyond the seas. He is a merchant-
merchant-adventurer,
interested in material profits. He is a colonist, the empire
builder.
j worksM
  Se,
Xther works Se, M F ers,
ers, Me
J
e  Rxx  . They e y m fes Defe's ee

 e  f he
  h  ey. They e he f 
e y w k eve  he y f he
bem f
we -  
e
e.
he we -
 Ñ    
j Defoe was a typical man of the eighteenth century
English middle class, hardworking, ingenious, liberal in
mind and advanced in opinion. He valued the Puritan
ethic and belied in diligence and self-
self-reliance. All his life,
he was busy, speculative and active. He, like Robinson,
is a man whose personal pride would never allow him to
belie his own background and class. His works are
reflections of the belief, strength, weakness, interest,
and morals of the bourgeois middle class to which he
belonged.
j He was very sympathetic with those poor and less
fortunate and did everything he could to reach them and
help them. He was among the first writers ever to give
concern to the problems of the social outcast.
  
j Jonathan Swift (1667
(1667--1745), wrote satires in verse and
prose. He is best-
best-known for the extended prose work
Giver's Traves
Traves,, in which a fantastic accont of a series
of traves is the vehice for satirizing famiiar Engish
instittions, sch as reigion, poitics and aw.
j Eary ife and eary works :Dring the time he wrote two
works, A Tae of a Tb and The Batte of the Books.
They were pbished together in 1704 and made him
we--known as a satirist. A Tae of a Tb is written in the
we
form of a parabe. The phrase " a tae of a tb" was a
17th centry sang for a joke, a hoax, an ide discorse.
j The Batte of Books is mainy an attack on pedantry in
iterary word of the time. The two works estabished his
name as a satirist.
j Pamphlets on Ireland
j Swift's pamphlets on Ireland form a very important part
of his works. They have now become part of classic
English literature. Swift's life in Ireland gave him an
intimate knowledge of the miserable condition of the
Irish people. Two of the most famous ones are "The "The
Draper's Letters­
Letters­(1724) and "A " Mde P 
a
P 
a­­(1730).
Ge  T ae(1726), a a whe,  ne f he m
effece and deaang c cm and a e f a
a
ec n he hen Engh and E 
ean fe - cay,

cay, egy,
h
hcay, cenfcay, and
m ay. I ca gnfcance  g ea and  ex
 an
n hman na e
fnd.
 w 
j Swift is one of the greatest writers of satiric
prose. No reader of his can escape being
impressed by the great simplicity, directness and
vigor of his style.
j Easy, clear, simple and concrete diction,
uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness
of language mark all his writings. Seldom is
there ornament or singularity of any kind. His
simplicities, more often than not, as a
camouflage for insidious intentions, for big
serious matters,, and an outward earnestness,
simplicity, innocence and an apparently cold
impartial tone render his satire all the more
powerful and effective.
j It is a book simple enough for a child, and yet
complex enough to carry an adult beyond his
depth. It is a satire on the 18th century english
society, touching upon the political, religious,
legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as
literary institutions, about almost every aspect of
the society. Bitterly satirical, the book take
great pains to bring to light the wickedness of
the then English society, with its tyranny, its
political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive
wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and
persecution, and its ruthless oppression and
exploitation of the common people.
    

  


j The novel is a fantasy ad a realistic work

of fiction. The language, as is typical of all
SwiftÛÛs works, is very simple, unadorned,
Swift
straightforward and effective. It is noted
for its exceptionally tidy structural
arrangement. The four seemingly
independent parts are linked up by the
central idea of social satire and make up
an organic whole.
     
j While social exposure and satire of the book is
generally acknowledged, there have been great
controversies over its deeper intention,
especially with Part Four, What sort of thing is
man? This is certainly the central question to the
book. Some people are shocked by its open
blunt ­negativeness towards human beings,
others feel satisfied with its religious implication
that, man in his development from primitive
forms of life, has achieved only a very limited
rationality and morality.
 
  !
!"#
"#
j The accidental beginning of his literary career
came in 1739 when, at the age of 51,
Richardson was asked by two bookseller friends
to compile a volume of model letters for people
without much formal education to practice in
their correspondence. Richardson intended that
his manual should not only teach people how to
write letters but also be morally instructive. He
was duly rewarded for his kindness and the pain
he had taken for the composition of such
moving letters.
j His works:
j P e (1740
 (1740--1741)
j Xr (Vire
(Vire ew re i Series of F ii r
Leers fro Be if Yo D se o Her
 res)
res)
j M riss H rowe (1747)
j Vire Tri
 
Xr: ire
j ir M res Gr iso (1753
(1753--1754)

j He wroe oy ree oves  i e
iso ry for.

 [
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j Fielding was a man of extraordinary vitality and
capacity. He was a dramatist, an essayist and a
novelist. His fame is established chiefly upon his
success as a novelist. Joseph Andrews (1742),
his first novel .
j The History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)
j The History of Tome Jones, A Foundling (1749) ,
his masterpiece.
j In both theory and practice, Fielding establishes
once and for all the from of the English novel.
He has held a unique position in the history of
English literature by being called the ­father of
the English novel , for his contribution to the
establishment of the form of modern novel.
Fielding set up the theory of realism in literary
creation. He wrote specifically "comic epic in
prose", the first to give the modern novel its
structure and style.
j Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was
either in the epistolary form (a series of letters)
as in Richardson's amela
amela,, or the picaresque
form (adventurous wanderings ) through the
mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's
Robinson Mrusoe
Mrusoe,, but Fielding adopted "the
third--person narration". In planning his stories,
third
he tries to retain the grand epical form of the
classical works but at the same time keeps
faithful to his realistic presentation of the
common life as it is.
 m   
j As one of the pioneers of English realistic
literature, Fielding portrays the real life of men
without disguise. He exposes the hypocrisy and
depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the
poverty of the working masses who are driven
by want to crime. For a time, Tom became a
national hero. People were fond of this young
fellow with manly virtues and yet not without
fault. The full-
full-blooded characters are realistically
depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic
language.
j Tom Jones is a handsome young man. He is frank and
open. His outstanding quality is "good nature" and
"goodness of heart". He is never an indifferent spectator
of the misery or happiness of anyone. He would not
willingly inflict even the most trifling harm on anybody.
Yet Tom is very far from being a model character. He
lives by impulse, not by reason. The most serious
mistake that Tom commits is his liaison with Lady
Bellaston after his arrival in London. A simple country
boy thoroughly ignorant of the ways of the depraved
high society in London, he is completely taken by
surprise by a bad woman and becomes, for a short time ,
her paid lover. But as soon as he learns the true
character of the woman , he immediately terminates the
connection.
j Sophia was Fielding's ideal of what an
amiable English girl should be. But he did
not make her "perfectly perfect'. Though
very sweet-
sweet-tempered, she can flame up
into an angry passion on occasions. She
has also a little vanity which causes her to
toy with the idea of playing the part of a
tragic heroine, sacrificing herself to her
father's wishes.
 
½ "&"
½ "&"  ("#
j His life story (Page 283-
283-284)
j His position in English literature: the
representative of pre-
pre-romanticist.
j His main works:
j Songs of Innocence (1789)
j The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790)
j Songs of Experience (1794)
j Appreciate the poem London on P.287
  

"&!
"&!"!#
"!#
j His life story (P.P 290--
290--293)
293)
j The greatest of the 18th century Scots
poet.
j His works:
j Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
j The Tree of Liberty
j My HeartÛ
HeartÛs in the Highland (Page 294)
j A Red, Red Rose (Page 295)