EKSPLORASI

Induced Polarization (IP)

Method
Principles

After current is switched off (or turned on), the voltage between
potential electrodes takes 1s - 1 min to decay (or build up)
The ground acts somewhat like a capacitor.
Principles
Application
 Exploration of Mineral (Metallic) deposits
with low EM anomaly and high resistivity
 Clay location for hydrogeological survey
 Mapping for electrochemical reactions for
pollutants in the ground
Mechanisms of induced
polarization
Laboratory experiments indicate that electrical
energy is stored in rocks mainly by electrochemical
process. This is achieved in two ways:

membrane polarization or
electrolytic polarization electrode polarization or overvoltage
Electrolytic (membrane)
polarization:
Most of the rock-forming minerals
have a net negative charge on their
outer surfaces in contact with the pore
fluid and attract positive ions onto this
surface

Negative and positive ions thus build

up on either side of the blockage and,
on removal of the impressed voltage,
return to their original locations over a
finite period of time causing a gradually
decaying voltage.
Electrode polarization

When metallic minerals are present in

a rock, an alternative, electronic path is
available for current flow.

The magnitude of the electrode

polarization effect depends upon both
the magnitude of the impressed
voltage and the mineral
concentration.
Induced polarization
measurements
 Time - domain IP
 Frequency – domain IP
 Spectral Induced Polarization
Time-domain IP measurement
Use electronics to measure the
area (i.e., the integral) A:
This is called the “chargeability”
(measured in ms)
Typically t1~0.5 s and t2~1.0 s

A
Frequency-domain IP measurements
Frequency-domain IP measurements
 Using the same array as in DC resistivity measurements
but driving AC current at several frequencies.
 Measuring a (frequency):
– a decreases with frequency;
– This decrease is measured as the Frequency Effect
(FE):
Frequency-domain IP measurements
Frequency-domain IP measurements
Spectral (complex resistivity) IP

 Measuring complex impedance

Spectral (complex resistivity) IP
 The Cole-Cole model for complex resistivity:
Tugas (Besok)
 Jelaskan tentang Cole-Cole relaxation
spectra!
 Jelaskan tentang Debye relaxation spectra!
 Jelaskan perbedaan kedua spectra tersebut
 Apa yang dimaksud critical frequency
untuk kasus diatas !
Terima Kasih