Logistical

packaging

1
GROUP MEMBERS
 VIMAL.S
 DNYANESHWAR.W
 VIJAY.G
 SNEHAL.Z
 ZAINAB
 ANJALI.T
 MALLIKARJUN.R

2
INTRODUCTION
 INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING
 CONSUMER PACKAGING

3
Consumer Packaging vs. Industrial Packaging

 Consumer packaging design focuses on customer

convenience, market appeal, retail shelf utilization, and
product protection.

 In general, ideal consumer packaging (e.g., large containers

that increase consumer visibility) makes very poor logistical
packaging.

 The proper package design should be based on a

comprehensive assessment of logistical packaging
requirements.

4
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)

Individual products or parts are normally grouped into

cartons, bags, bins, or barrels for handling efficiency.

Carton Bags of coal Bin Barrels

These containers are used to group individual products

and are referred to as master cartons.
5
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..

 When master cartons are grouped into larger units for

handling, the combination is referred to as
containerization or unitization.

 The master carton and the unitized load provide the

basic handling unit in the logistics channel.

 The weight, cube, and fragility of the master carton in

an overall product line determine transportation and
material-handling requirements.

 If the package is not designed for efficient logistical

processing, overall system performance will suffer.
6
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..

 Retail sale quantity should not be the prime

determinant of master carton size.

 For example, fruit juices typically sold in units of six

individual containers is normally packed in master
cartons (cases) in quantities of twenty-four units.

 The prime packaging objective is to design for

operation with a limited assortment of standard
master cartons.

7
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..

 Naturally, few organizations can reduce their

master carton requirements to a single size.

 When master cartons of more than one size

are required, extreme care should be taken to
arrive at an assortment of compatible units.

8
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..

Figure illustrates such a concept utilizing four

standard sizes.

The sizes of the four master cartons result in modular

compatibility. 9
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..

 Of course, logistical considerations cannot fully

dominate packaging design.

 The ideal package for material handling and

transportation would be a perfect cube having equal
length, depth, and width with maximum possible
density.
 Seldom will such a package exist.

 The important point is that logistical requirements

should be evaluated along with manufacturing,
marketing, and product design considerations when
standardizing master cartons.
10
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..
Degree of Protection
 A critical issue confronted in package design is to
determine the degree of protection required to cope
with the anticipated physical environments.

 The package design and material should combine to

achieve the desired level of protection without
incurring the expense of overprotection.

 It is also possible to design a package that has the

correct material content but does not provide the
necessary protection.
11
Industrial Packaging (Logistics Emphasis)..
Testing the package
 The determination of final package design requires
considerable testing to ensure that specifications are
satisfied.

 Such tests can be conducted in a laboratory.

 During past decade the process of package design

and material selection has become far more
scientific.

 Laboratory analysis has become the most reliable

means of evaluation because of advancements in
testing equipment and measurement techniques.
12
Damage Protection
 A major function of the master carton is to protect
products from damage while moving and being stored.

 The crucial question is the desired degree of product

protection.

 The determining factors are the value and fragility of the

product:
 the higher the value, the greater the economic
justification for nearly absolute protection.

 If a product is fragile and has high value, then the cost of

absolute protection can be significant.
13
Damage Protection…
 Product fragility can be measured by product/package
testing utilizing shock and vibration equipment.

 The test result allows a predetermined level of product

cushion to be built into the package to provide protection
while in the logistical system.

 If packaging requirements and cost are prohibitive,

alternative product designs can be evaluated utilizing the
same testing equipment.

 The end result is the determination of the exact packaging

required to protect the product.
14
Damage Protection…
 Package damage results from the transportation,
storage, and handling utilized.

 If privately owned and operated transportation is

used, the product will move to its destination in a
relatively controlled environment.

 On the other hand, if common carriers are utilized,

the product enters a non-controlled environment.

 The less control a firm has over the physical

environment, the greater the packaging precautions
required to prevent damage.
15
Causes of Damage
 During the logistical process, the product can experience
a number of situations that can cause damage.

 The four most common causes are:

 vibration, impact (çarpma), puncture (delinme), and
compression (sıkıştırma).

 Within the logistical system, combinations of these forms

of damage can be experienced whenever a package is in
transit or being handled.

 In addition, stacking failure can result in damage while the

product is in storage.
16
Outside Factors
 Outside elements such as temperature, humidity, and
foreign matters may cause potential damage.

 For the most part, these environmental factors are

beyond the control of logistical management.

 However, the protective package must be designed

to cope with the range of possible adversity during
transit.

17
Outside Factors…
 To illustrate, it is not unusual for a package to be
subjected to
 snow and below freezing temperatures during loading,
 to be exposed to rain at an intermediate transfer point,
 to arrive at a hot and humid destination.

 The problem in evaluating the environment is

determining in advance how the contents of the
package will react with respect to these various
elements.

18
Handling Efficiency
 Logistical productivity is the ratio of the output of a
logistical activity (time for loading a truck) to the input
(labor and forklift time required).

 Most logistical productivity studies center around

making the input work harder.

 Packaging initiatives, however, increase the output.

 Almost all logistical activity outputs can be described in

terms of packages, such as number of cartons loaded
per hour into a trailer, number of cartons picked per
hour in a warehouse, etc.
19
Product Characteristics
 Packing products in certain configurations may help
in increasing logistical activity output.

 For example, reducing package size can improve

cube utilization.

 This can be accomplished by concentrating products

(e.g. orange juice) or eliminating air inside packages
by shipping items unassembled.

20
Product Characteristics…
 In most cases dunnage materials (like polystyrene
foam peanuts) can be minimized simply by reducing
box size.

 IKEA, the Swedish retailer of unassembled furniture,

emphasizes cube minimization to the point that it
ships pillows vacuum-packed.

 IKEA uses a cube minimization packaging strategy to

successfully compete in the United States even
though the company ships furniture all the way from
Sweden.
21
Product Characteristics…
 Cube minimization is most important for lightweight
products (such as assembled lawn furniture) that "cube
out" a transport vehicle far below its weight limit.

 On the other hand, heavy products (like liquid in glass

bottles) "weigh out" a transport vehicle before it is filled.

 Weight can be reduced by changing the product or the

package.

 For example, substituting plastic bottles for glass

significantly increases the number of bottles that can be
transported in a trailer.
22
Unitization
 Unitization describes the physical grouping of master
cartons into one restrained load for material handling.

 The concept of containerization includes all forms of

unitization, from taping two master cartons together
to the use of specialized transportation equipment.

 All types of containerization have the basic objective

of increasing material-handling efficiency.

23
Benefits of Containerization
 Reduces damage in handling

 Reduces pilferage

 Reduces protective packaging requirements

 Provides greater protection from environment

 Provides a shipment unit that can be used many

times repeatedly.
24