OBA000002

Data Communication Basics

ISSUE1.1
 Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

• Describe TCP/IP layered model

• Identify the function of IP address and IP routing

• Understand Ethernet technology

• Understand VLAN
 OUTLINES

Data communication overview

TCP/IP

LAN and WAN

Virtual LAN
 What Is Data Communication?

• Data communication is a communication technology formed

when data information is transferred between functional
units according to communication protocols with the help of
transmission technology so as to realize information
interaction between computers and computers or between
computers and their terminals or other data terminal
equipment.
• The data communication network is a network formed to
provide data communication service.
Characteristic of Data Communication

• Low requirement for delay

• Accurate transmission

• Connectionless

• Packet switching
 Standardization Organizations

• ISO International Standardization Organization

• IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

• ANSI American National Standards Institute

• EIA/TIA Electronics Industries Association/Telecommunications

Industries Association

• ITU International Communications Union

• IAB Internet Architecture Board

 OUTLINES

Data communication overview

TCP/IP

LAN and WAN

Virtual LAN
 Questions

There are some key elements for you to pay attention

when studying TCP/IP.

• Functions of TCP/IP layers

• Function and format of IP address

• Function of IP route
 What Is TCP/IP

• TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol.

• Unlike the 7-layer model of OSI, TCP/IP applies the simpler 5-

layer model.

• The 7-layer model of OSI is not used practically. Instead, the 5-

layer model of TCP/IP has become the de facto standard for
Internet interconnection.
 TCP/IP Family

• TCP/IP is the core technology of Internet in truth

• TCP/IP is a protocol family
 HTTP/TELNET/FTP
 RIP/OSPF/BGP
 TCP/UDP
 IP
 ARP
 ICMP
• IP is the core protocol of TCP/IP
 TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

Application Application

Transport Transport

Internet Internet Internet Internet

Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer

End user router router LAN End user

switch
 OSI MODE VS TCP/IP MODE

OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Protocol

Application TELNET
Presentation SMTP
TFTP
Session FTP

Transport TCP UDP

Network IP ICMP ARP

Datalink

Physical
 Structure of TCP/IP System

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• IP is one of the most important protocols in the TCP/IP family.

There are 3 other protocols used together with IP:
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Structure of TCP/IP System

• IP provides a globally unified addressing mode, shields the

differences of the physical network addresses and makes routing
possible.
• IP provides a globally unified message format, shields the
differences of the network link layers and makes network
interconnection possible.

Upper layer protocols

TCP/IP

Ethernet Token Ring X.25 FR ATM PPP/SDH

 Data Encapsulation

Application
Header
Data
Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation

Application
Header
Data
Application Application
Transport
Transport Header
Data Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation

Application
Header
Data
Application Application
Transport
Transport Header
Data Transport
Network
Network Header Data Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation

Application
Header
Data
Application Application
Transport
Transport Header
Data Transport
Network
Network Header Data Network

Data Link Frame Data Link

Header Data

Physical Physical
 Data Encapsulation Example

E-mail message

Data Data

Segment Segment
Data
Header

Network Segment Packet

Data
Header Header

Frame Network Segment Frame Frame

Data (medium dependent)
Header Header Header Trailer

1100111010101101010101101010111001 Bits

Internet
 Application Layer Overview

File Transfer
- TFTP
- FTP
E-Mail
Application - SMTP
Remote Login
- Telnet
Network Management
Transport
- SNMP
Name Management
- DNS
Network

Data link

Hardware
 Transport Layer Overview

Transmission Control
Application Protocol (TCP)

Transport User Datagram

Protocol (UDP)
Internet

Network Interface

Hardware
Transport layer provides end-to-end data
transfer.
TCP provides a reliable exchange of
information and UDP is not.
 TCP and UDP

TCP:
 connection-oriented
 reliable transmission.
 The relevant application layer protocols include TELNET, FTP
and HTTP.
UDP:
 connectionless
 unreliable transmission.
 The relevant application layer protocols include RIP, SNMP,
RADIUS and VOD.
 The Function of Port Number

TCP Segment Format

# Bits 16 16

Source Dest.
…... Data...
Port Port
 Port Numbers

• 20 File Transfer Protocol [Default Data]

• 21 File Transfer Protocol [Control]
• 23 Telnet
• 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• 53 Domain Name Server
• 80 World Wide Web HTTP
• 119 Network News Transfer Protocol
• 161 SNMP
• 162 SNMP TRAP
 Network Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Address Resolution

Network Protocol (ARP)
Interface
Reverse Address
Hardware Resolution Protocol (RARP)
 The Function of IP Address

User A
User B
 IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

10000000 00000001 11111111 11111110

128 . 1. 255 . 254

 IP Address Bit Patterns

# Bits 1 7 24

Class A: 0 network # host #

# Bits 1 1 14 16

Class B: 1 0 network # host #

# Bits 1 1 1 21 8

Class C: 1 1 0 network # host #

 Special IP Address

Some IP addresses are reserved, including:

 All-0 net-id, indicating the “local network” or “the

network with the net-id unknown to me”.
 All-1 net-id
 All-0 host-id, indicating this IP address is the network
address.
 All-1 host-id, indicating the broadcast address, i.e., it
means broadcast to all the hosts of the network.
 Special IP Address

There are also other reserved IP addresses:

 All-0 IP address, i.e., 0.0.0.0

 The net-id is 127.X.X.X, which is used for loop back test
of the local software.
 All-1 address 255.255.255.255, which means
“broadcasting to all the hosts in my network”. Previously,
it is 0.0.0.0.
 The above IP addresses are prohibited from being
allocated to users.
IP Address For Private Network

 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255

 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255

 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
 The Number of Hosts

Max network
Class number The last net-id The first net-id Max hosts number

A 126 1 126 16777214

B 16382 128.1 191.254 65534

C 2097150 192.0.1 223.255.254 254

Classed and Classless IP Address

Classed IP address:
 the length of net-id: 8/16/24 bits

Classless IP address:
 the length of net-id: any from 1 to 32
 Subnet Mask

• It is prescribed in the TCP/IP architecture that a 32-bit

subnet mask is used to indicate the length of a subnet-
id field.
• A subnet mask consists of a series of “1”s and a series
of “0”s, with “1”s corresponding to net-id and subnet-
id fields, and “0”s corresponding to the host-id field.
And there must not be “1” and “0” crossed.
 Classless IP Address

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 Describe IP Address

The IP addresses can also be expressed as:

 IP address/subnet mask
 IP address/subnet mask length

For example:
 128.1.0.1/255.255.0.0 or 128.1.0.1/16
 192.2.2.2/255.255.224.0 or 192.2.2.2/19
 Characteristic of IP Address

• The IP addresses are in hierarchical structure.

• Unlike telephone numbers, the IP addresses do not indicate
the geographical location of the host.
 Path Determination

Which Path?

To find the best path through the Internet is the

function of Layer 3
 Router’s Function and Features

A router
 must be two or more network layer interfaces for
connecting different networks
 The protocols should be implemented to the network
layer at least

A router mainly has two functions:

 generating the route table
 forwarding the data packets to other networks
 Examples

61.1.1.1 129.6.0.1

Subnet 3 Subnet 1 Subnet 2

61.1.1.1/8 129.6.0.0/16 202.6.6.0/24
Router A Router B

129.6.69.107 202.6.6.1

Routing uses network addresses

 Routing Table of Router A

Network address net mask Next hop Interface

202.6.6.0 255.255.255.0 129.6.0.1 129.6.69.107

129.6.0.0 255.255.0.0 129.6.69.107 129.6.69.107

61.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 61.1.1.1 61.1.1.1

 Routing Table of Router B

Network address net mask Next hop Interface

202.6.6.0 255.255.255.0 202.6.6.1 202.6.6.1

129.6.0.0 255.255.0.0 129.6.0.1 129.6.0.1

61.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 129.6.69.107 129.6.0.1

 How To Generate Routing Table

Static route
 A network administrator enters into the router

Dynamic route
 A network routing protocol adjusts automatically for
topology or traffic changes
 Working Process

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 Data Link Layer Overview

The main function of the data link layer is to

transmit data between the transmitting end

and the receiving end through physical

mediums.
 MAC Address

24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code Serial Number

00e0.fc12. 3456
ROM

RAM

MAC address is burned into ROM on

a network interface card
 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the Ethernet

address of 10.0.0.1

10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1

IP: 10.0.0.1 = ???

 Address Resolution Protocol

I heard that broadcast.

I need the Ethernet The message is for me.
address of 10.0.0.1 Here is my Ethernet
address.

10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2

IP: 10.0.0.1 = ???

IP: 10.0.0.1
Ethernet: 00e0.fc20.1111
 The Function of Physical Layer

The physical layer defines both electrical and

mechanical processes and functions, so as to realize
the activation, holdover and release of line between
two connected systems. The physical layer defines the
following features: voltage level, data transmission rate,
maximum transmission distance and physical
connection mode.
 OUTLINES

Data communication overview

TCP/IP

LAN and WAN

Virtual LAN
 Wide-Area Networks

WANs are designed to:

• Operate over geography of telecommunication carriers

• Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower
speeds
• Control the network subject to regulated public services
• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
• Connect devices separated over wide, even global,
areas
 Local-Area Networks

LANs are designed to:

 Operate within a limited geographic area

 Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media

 Control the network privately under local administration

 Provide full-time connectivity to local services

 Connect physically adjacent devices

 The Types of LANs

• Ethernet

• Switching Ethernet

• Token ring network

• FDDI (fiber-optic distributed digital interface)

 What Is Ethernet

• Ethernet is the LAN implementation technology defined

by IEEE Std 802.3, which is a part of LAN/MAN
standards.

• The 802.X protocol stack defines the mode of the

network access. Both the switching Ethernet and fast
Ethernet technologies are called 802.X protocols.
Devices of LAN

 HUB

 LAN SWITCH

 ROUTER
 HUB

• HUB works at the physical layer, and duplicates the

binary bits between cables one by one.

• HUB is a shared network device, that is, it is a device

concentrating the network cables to all the computers.
But only two ports can communicate at a specific time.

• HUB has gradually fallen into disuse and now been

replaced with LAN SWITCH.
 LAN SWITCH

• LAN SWITCH works at the link layer, and stores and

forwards frames between LANs.

• LAN SWITCH connects many HUB through the network

cables so as to form a large network. Or it directly
connects the computer terminals to form LAN.
 Router

• The router works at the network layer, storing and

forwarding packets between different networks.

• The router is used to connect WAN and to isolate the

networks.
 Sharing Ethernet

• HUB

collision
collision

collision collision

A B C D
 Switching Ethernet

LAN SWITCH

A B C D
The Type of WAN

• X.25

• DDN

• Frame Relay
 Digital Data Network

• Point to point connected network

• The rate usually is 64K. Max rate is 2M

 OUTLINES

Data communication overview

TCP/IP

LAN and WAN

Virtual LAN
 QUESTIONS

• What is VLAN?

• How is VLAN divided?

• What are the advantages of VLAN?

 The definition of VLAN

• VLAN is defined as a
group of users and
servers located in
different physical
network segments that
are logically divided as
a terminal stations
group, which is
basically similar to the
traditional LAN in
functions and
operations.

training marketing engineering

VLANID 1 2 3
How to Divide VLAN

• By port

• By MAC

• By ip address
 Dividing VLAN by port

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 IEEE 802.1P/Q

Dest. Src Len/type Data FCS

FCS

6 6 2 2 2 ... 4

Dest. Src Etype p/Q Label Len/Etype Data FCS

Priority VLAN-ID（12bit）
 The Advantage of VLAN

 Virtual workgroup:

 Reduce broadcasting capacity

• Security