Energy Conservation

in Marine Systems

Dr. Arwa W. Hussein

Lec. 1
 Humanity’s Top Ten Problems
Next 50 years
Richard Smalley, 2003 (1996 Noble Laureate in Chemistry)

1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism & war
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10. Population
Energy in Everyday Lives
 WHAT IS ENERGY ?

 Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and runs

machinery in factories. It warms and cools our homes, cooks
our food, plays our music, and gives us pictures on television.

 Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work.

 Units for Comparing Energy
• Physical units reflect measures of distances, areas, volumes,
heights, weights, mass, force, and energy. Different types of energy
are measured by different physical units:
• Barrels or gallons for petroleum
• Cubic feet for natural gas
• Tons for coal
• Kilowatthours for electricity

• To compare different fuels, we need to convert the measurements

to the same units
• Some popular units for comparing energy include British Thermal
Units (Btu), barrels of oil equivalent, metric tons of oil equivalent,
metric tons of coal equivalent, and terajoules.
 Btu Content of Common Energy
Units
• 1 barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil = 5,800,000 Btu

• 1 gallon of gasoline = 124,238 Btu

• 1 gallon of diesel fuel = 138,690 Btu

• 1 gallon of heating oil = 138,690 Btu

• 1 barrel of residual fuel oil = 6,287,000 Btu

• 1 cubic foot of natural gas = 1,023 Btu

• 1 gallon of propane = 91,333 Btu

• 1 short ton of coal = 19,858,000 Btu

• 1 kilowatthour of electricity = 3,412 Btu

 Who are the first energy
consumers !
•Energy use split

31% >2% 18% 21% 28%

Industry Data centres & Buildings Residential Transportation
& Infrastructure networks
 WHY TO CONSERVE IT ?

We have limited resources available on earth.

 Our demands are continuously increasing day by day.

 It is possible that someday most of the non-renewable resources

will be exhausted and we will have to switch over to alternate energy
We save our money when
we save energy.

We reduce pollution when

we save energy.

We save our energy when

we save energy.
• World Energy Consumption
 Wind
25-70 TW/y

Gas
Solar OTEC 215 TW
3-11 TW/y Wave reserve
23,000 TW/year
0.2-2 TW/y
World use
In 20092050 Bio Oil
16 TW/y
28 TW/y 2-6 TW/y 240 TW
Reserve
Hydro
3-4 TW/y
Geothermal Uranium
0.3-2 TW/y 90-300 TW
Reserve

Coal
900 TW
Reserve

Source: Perez et al. 2009

A brief episode in the world’s history
 Greenhouse Effect
• The effect of the Earth's atmosphere, due to certain gases, in
trapping heat from the sun; the atmosphere acts like a
greenhouse.
 Greenhouse gases (GHG)
These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely.
When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is re-
radiated back towards space as infrared radiation (heat).
Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap
its heat in the atmosphere

– water vapor (H2O)

– carbon dioxide (CO2)
– methane (CH4)
– nitrous oxide (N2O)
– ozone (O3)
 What is a carbon footprint?
• Carbon footprint (FP):
– is “the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions
caused directly and indirectly by an individual,
organization, event or product”

• Everyone in this room has carbon FP

• In 2007 international shipping was estimated to have
contributed about 2.7% to the global emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2).

• IMO has adopted mandatory technical and operational

energy efficiency measures which will significantly
reduce the amount of CO2 emissions from international
shipping.

• The main changes to MARPOL Annex VI are a

progressive reduction globally in emissions of SOx, NOx
and particulate matter and the introduction of Emission
Control Areas (ECAs) to reduce emissions of those air
pollutants further in designated sea areas.
• Energy conservation
– It reduction in the amount of energy consumed in
a process or system, or by an organization or society,
through economy, elimination of waste, and rational use.
– More specifically, conserving energy can be achieved by
engaging in one or both of the following actions:
– Reducing the amount of energy you use
– Making sure energy is used as efficiently as possible

• Energy Efficiency
– It is "using less energy to provide the same service“

• Energy management
– It is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving
energy .