The purpose of Chemical analyses

1. qualitative analyses
 untuk mengungkap
what analyte is present in the sample?

2. characterization analyses
 untuk mengungkap
what are the analyte’s chemical and physical properties?

3. quantitative analyses
 untuk mengungkap
how much analyte is present the ?

1
Analisis Kuantitatif metode Volumetri
Alat pengukur volume
yang akurat

3
Peralatan titrasi

4
5
 Pengocokan labu titrasi

sebelum penambahan ‘titrant’ berikutnya

Goyang labu titrasi sampai larutan menjadi homogen
6
 Perhatikan meniscus
saat membaca skala di burette

7
 Volumetric Analysis
Volumetri = titrimetri
Metode analisis kuantitatif melalui pengukuran volume larutan
pereaksi (=titrant = peniter)

Titrimetri to titrate : penambahan pereaksi secara berangsur-

angsur (sedikit-sedikit)  menggunakan burette

8
 Volumetric Analysis

Peniter (titrant)
 Larutan pereaksi yang ditambahkan melalui suatu buret ke
dalam suatu larutan analit
 volume peniter yang ditambahkan ini dicatat
 Muncullah Istilah volumetri

9
expression of analyte concentration

10
 Common units for reporting concentration

FW = formula weight EW = equivalent weight

11
 Molarity vs formality
• There is a subtle difference between molarity and
formality.
• Both molarity and formality express concentration as
moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molarity
is the concentration of a particular chemical species in
solution.
Formality
is a substance’s total concentration in solution without
regard to its specific chemical form.

12
Dissolving 0.1 mol of NaCl in 1 L of water
 gives a solution containing 0.1 mol of Na+ and 0.1 mol of Cl–

 The molarity of NaCl is zero since there is essentially no

undissociated NaCl in solution.

13
Other units for expressing concentration

14
 some important terms
equivalence point
The point in a titration where stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of
analyte and titrant react.

end point
The point in a titration where we stop adding titrant

indicator
A colored compound whose change in color signals the end point of a
titration

titration error
The determinate error in a titration due to the difference between the end
point and the equivalence point

15
16
 Indikator titik akhir titrasi
• Visual/color indicator: A substance that changes color in response
to a chemical change.
– An acid-base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color
depending on the pH.
– Redox indicators are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to
the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when
the color changes.

• Without color indicator

In some reactions, the solution changes color without any added
indicator.

This is often seen in redox titrations when the different oxidation

states of the product and reactant produce different colors.

17
 Color Change sebagai petunjuk TA

Kelebihan satu tetes peniter memberikan warna permanen ke larutan titrasi

18
 Kekeruhan sebagai
Indikator titik akhir titrasi
Precipitation:
• If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will
form during the titration.
 the reaction between Ag+ and Cl- to form the
insoluble salt AgCl.
Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to
determine the endpoint precisely.
To compensate, precipitation titrations often
have to be done as "back" titrations .
19
Indikator warna phenolphthalein

20
 Pengamatan Perubahan warna larutan titrasi

Gunakan alas yang berwarna kontras dengan warna larutan titrasi

21
 Various visual indicators
Range of color
Indicator Color on acidic side Color on basic side
change

Methyl Violet Yellow 0.0–1.6 Violet

Bromophenol Blue Yellow 3.0–4.6 Blue

Methyl Orange Red 3.1–4.4 Yellow

Methyl Red Red 4.4–6.3 Yellow

Litmus Red 5.0–8.0 Blue

Bromothymol Blue Yellow 6.0–7.6 Blue

Phenolphthalein Colorless 8.3–10.0 Pink

Alizarin Yellow Yellow 10.1–12.0 Red 22

 back titration
A titration in which a reagent is added to a
solution containing the analyte, and the excess
reagent remaining after its reaction with the
analyte is determined by a titration

23
 Titrasi Balik
• Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of
titrating the original sample, a known excess of
standard reagent is added to the solution, and the
excess is titrated.

A back titration is useful

 if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to
identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as
with precipitation reactions.
 if the reaction between the analyte and the titrant is
very slow,
 when the analyte is in a non-soluble solid
24
 Penentuan TA titrasi dengan instrumen analysis

• Potentiometer: An instrument that measures the electrode potential of

the solution.
in redox titrations  the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the
endpoint is reached.

• pH meter: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on

the amount of H+ ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an ion-
selective electrode.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the
titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there
will be a sudden change in the measured pH.
• Conductivity: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can
change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For
instance, during an acid-base titration, the H+ and OH- ions react to form
neutral H2O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the
solution and not all ions contribute equally (due to mobility and ionic
strength), predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than
measuring it.

25
Penentuan TA dengan instrumen (lanjutan)

• Isothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat

produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used
in biochemical titrations, such as the determination of how substrates
bind to enzymes.
• Thermometric titrimetry: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry
because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall)
is not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution.
Instead, the endpoint is determined by the rate of temperature change.
• Spectroscopy: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution
during titration if the spectrum of the reactant, titrant or product is
known. The concentration of the material can be determined by Beer's
Law.
• Amperometry: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as
a result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is
detected as a change in the current. This method is most useful when the
excess titrant can be reduced, as in the titration of halides with Ag+.

26
Perubahan warna indikator pada pH tertentu

27
 Cegah kesalahan titrasi

Penambahan peniter saat mendekati titik equivalen

28
secara sedikit-sedikit
 Rentang pH 0 – 14
hanya untuk larutan dalam air

29