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A discrete random variable assumes each of

its values with a certain probability
probability.. It is
convenient to represent all the probabilities of a
random variable, 3 by a formula
formula.. The formula
as a function of the numerical values, shall
be denoted by f(x), g(x) and so on on.. Thus, we
write f (x) = P( X= x ) ; that is f(
f(22) = P( X = 2).
The set of ordered pairs (x, f(x)) is called the
probability function or probability distribution of
the discrete random variable X.
 
 

 
Two coins are tossed together
together.. Let X be a random
variable for having number of heads . Find the
probability distribution for random variable X?

Solution
The space sample is
m
0 , , , };
We can get either Ê  or
 or Ê head or  
from
 from this trial. So, the discrete random
variable 3
can take the value 0, 1 and 2. Therefore,
    
  
 Ê
3  Ê  ÊÊ
  

 From Figure 7.1 we can see that the area
for every bar in the histogram are the
probability value for 3
. The area of every
bar is between 0 and 1 and the total area
of the bars are equal to 1. Thus, we
understand the total probability of all the
random variables, 3 in the sample space
should equal to 1.

Probability for X is written within the range

, and the total
1.

 

Two tetrahedrons, with faces labeled 1,

2, 3 and 4, are thrown. Let X as the
random variables which represent the
total score on the tetrahedrons. Find
the random variable 3 and its
probability distribution.
m

The Sample Space, m of the total score on the
tetrahedrons is as follow:
Thus,
m
02, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8},
The random variable X are 0 , , , , , , }
m 
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½ean and Standard Deviation can be
calculated from the Probability Distribution
by using the following adjusted formula :

 

Find the mean and standard

deviation for the random variables
3 in the Example 7.2
Solution
| 
 




This is a discrete random variable, where

the process of obtaining the Binomial
distribution is called [
 ³ process
process..
An experiment that often consists of
repeated trials, each with two possible
outcomes, which could be labeled as
³success´ or ³failure´
³failure´.. This experiment is
known as binomial experiment
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ne coin is tossed 5 times. If 3 is random
variable for number of heads. Find the
probability of getting
(a) no heads
(b) one head
(c) 3 heads
(d) at least 3 heads

 Ê
3 is the random variable represents the
number of heads.
The possible outcome of one trial ( i.e one
tossed ) is a  or a 
..
Thus m = 0 , },

 is the probability of getting Head,  =

 is the probability of not getting Head,
=
 is number of trial ( i.e number of tossed ),
=
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If an event occurs in a given interval of time

or scattered in time (space), and X variable
represents the number of occurrences in
the given interval, hence X is the Poisson
random variable
variable..
 

 



If an event is randomly scattered in time (space) and
represents the number of success, the probability
distribution for X Poisson random variable represents the
number of success in a given time interval or space is

Ë ÷
Ë



÷

֠
= 0, 1, 2, «

Where Ë is the mean for the number of success in the

given time interval or space. Poisson distribution for random
variable, 3 is written as
 a
Ë for = 0,1 ,2,3.. . . .

 

 
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The most important continuous probability
distribution is the normal distribution.

The probability density function (p.d.f) of the

standard normal variable x is denoted by
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1. Find
a. P(0 < Z < 1.85)
b. P(Z > 2.25)
c. P(Z < -0.83)

2. Find
a. P(-
P(-2.15 < Z < 0.35)
b. P(-
P(-1.96 < Z < 1.96)

3. Find
a. P(Z > -1.04)
b. P(Z < 1.29)
c. P(Z > -3.12)
d. P(Z > -2.75)
 

1. Find
a. P(0 < Z < 1.85) Ê!%
$&
b. P(Z > 2.25) Ê!%
%"
c. P(Z < -0.83) Ê!%
%##

2. Find
a. P(-
P(-2.15 < Z < 0.35) Ê!%
"
b. P(-
P(-1.96 < Z < 1.96) Ê!%


3. Find
a. P(Z > -1.04) Ê!%
&%&
b. P(Z < 1.29) Ê!%
%"
c. P(Z > -3.12) Ê!%
"
d. P(Z > -2.75) Ê!%
$
 

4. Find the values
a. P(1.13 < Z < 2.83)
b. P(-
P(-1.27 < Z < -0.84)
c. P(-
P(-0.65 < Z < 1.29)
d. P(Z < 2.23)
e. P(Z > -0.83)

5. Given X~N(66, 4) find,

a. P(X < 62)
b. P(66 < X < 70)
c. P(60 < X < 64)
d. P( X > 62)

6. The marks of the statistics final examination with normal distribution have
mean 70 and standard deviation 12. What is the probability of one student
who take the exam, score
a. 90 or more
b. 60 or less
c. between 75 and 85
d. if 10% from the students sit for the exam got A grade, what is the
lowest marks for Grade A students?
 

4. Find the values
a. P(1.13 < Z < 2.83) Ê!%
"
b. P(-
P(-1.27 < Z < -0.84) Ê!%
%&
c. P(-
P(-0.65 < Z < 1.29) Ê!%
#$
d. P(Z < 2.23) Ê!%
&$"#
e. P(Z > -0.83) Ê!%
$$

5. Given X~N(66, 4) find,

a. P(X < 62) Ê!%
%$
b. P(66 < X < 70) Ê!%
$$
c. P(60 < X < 64) Ê!%
"$#
d. P( X > 62) Ê!%
$$

6. The marks of the statistics final examination with normal distribution have
mean 70 and standard deviation 12. What is the probability of one students
who take the exam, score
a. 90 or more Ê!%
%$
b. 60 or less Ê!%
%##
c. between 75 and 85 Ê!%
#"
d. if 10% from the students sit for the exam got A grade, what is the
lowest marks for Grade A students? Ê!&
 
  
m 

1. The probability that a component is not acceptable is 0.1. Ten
components are picked at random. What is the probability that

i. at least three are not acceptable

ii. not more than five are not acceptable.

2. A secretary in a company answers an average of 3 calls in 5

minutes.
i. What is the probability that there is no call in 10 minutes
ii. What is the probability that the secretary answers more than
15 calls in 20 minutes?

3. The average weight of a pack of wheat produced by a wheat factory

is 5.6 kilogram. If the weight of a pack in normal distributions with the
standard deviation of 0.5 kilogram. What is the probability of one
pack wheat has the weight
i. less than 5.5 kilogram
ii. between 5.3 and 5.7 kilogram
iii. more than 6 kilogram or less than 5 kilogram?
 
  
m 

1. The probability that a component is not acceptable is 0.1. Ten
components are picked at random. What is the probability that

i. at least three are not acceptable r%
%$%

ii. not more than five are not acceptable. r%


2. A secretary in a company answers an average of 3 calls in 5 minutes.

i. What is the probability that there is no call in 10 minutes r%
%%#
ii. What is the probability that the secretary answers more than
15 calls in 20 minutes? r%
"

3. The average weight of a pack of wheat produced by a wheat factory is

5.6 kilogram. If the weight of a pack in normal distributions with the
standard deviation of 0.5 kilogram. What is the probability of one pack
wheat has the weight
i. less than 5.5 kilogram r%
%$
ii. between 5.3 and 5.7 kilogram r%
#%
iii. more than 6 kilogram or less than 5 kilogram? r%
#$
 
  
m

4. Hupper Corporation produces many types of

soda drinks, including range Cola. The filling
machines are adjusted to pour 12 ounces of
soda in each 12-
12-ounce can of range Cola.
However, the actual amount of soda poured into
each can is not exactly 12 ounces; it varies from
can to can. It has been observed that the net
amount of soda in such a can has a normal
distribution with a mean of 12 ounces and a
standard deviation of 0.015 ounces.

What is the probability that a randomly selected

can of range Cola contains 11.97 to 11.99
ounces of soda?
 
  
m

4. Hupper Corporation produces many types of

soda drinks, including range Cola. The filling
machines are adjusted to pour 12 ounces of
soda in each 12-
12-ounce can of range Cola.
However, the actual amount of soda poured into
each can is not exactly 12 ounces; it varies from
can to can. It has been observed that the net
amount of soda in such a can has a normal
distribution with a mean of 12 ounces and a
standard deviation of 0.015 ounces.

What is the probability that a randomly selected

can of range Cola contains 11.97 to 11.99
ounces of soda? rÊ!%
&
 
  
m

5. The number of monthly breakdowns of the kind of

computer used by an office is a random variable
having the Poisson distribution with Ë = 1.6.
Using the probability table, find the probabilities that
this kind of computer will function for a month
i. without a breakdown
ii. with one breakdown
iii. at most two will breakdown
 
  
m

5. The number of monthly breakdowns of the kind of

computer used by an office is a random variable
having the Poisson distribution with Ë = 1.6.
Using the probability table, find the probabilities that
this kind of computer will function for a month
i. without a breakdown rÊ!%
%"
ii. with one breakdown rÊ!%
##
iii. at most two will breakdown rÊ!%
$&#