TYPES OF PUMPS

AND
HOW THEY OPERATE
BY
ADHIKARAMGE THILINA SUBHASH
HND CIVIL BATCH-08
CINEC CAMPUS
 WHAT IS A PUMP ?

• A pump is a machine that moves fluid from one place to another

 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

• Pumps are classified in two types

1) Positive Displacement Pumps

2)Dynamic Pumps
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

• A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side

and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
• Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and
the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
• The volume is a constant given each cycle of operation.
THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS CAN
BE DIVIDED IN TWO MAIN CLASSES

• Rotary
• Reciprocating
 ROTARY PUMPS

• These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that
captures and draws in the liquid.
• Rotary pumps are very efficient , because they can handle highly viscous fluids with
higher flow rates as viscosity increases
• The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump
and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed.
• If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which
eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces
efficiency.
 TYPICAL ROTARY PUMPS ARE

MULTI ROTOR SINGLE ROTOR

Lobe pumps Vane pumps
Gear pumps Progressive pumps
Screw pumps
 OPERATION OF A LOBE PUMP

• Two intermeshed rotors are each affixed to gear driven shaft.

• The shafts rotate in opposite directions.
• The rotating motion of the rotors create an expanding cavity on the suction
side.
• This allows fluid and solids to enter and fill the suction side of the pump.
The rotors carry the fluid around the housing to the discharge side where it
is expelled out of the pump by the closing cavity.
 ADVANTAGES OF A LOBE PUMP

• Many Lobe pumps are sold in industrial applications where low shear is
the main criteria, and sanitary construction is not important
• Properly sized and selected gear pumps can offer the same low shear
performance at about half the cost
• Customer gets an easier to maintain pump
• No Timing Gears
• Easily Rebuilt in the Field
 APPLICATION OF A LOBE PUMP

• Polymers
• Paper coatings
• Soaps and surfactants
• Paints and dyes
• Rubber and adhesives
• Pharmaceuticals
• Food applications
 OPERATION OF A GEAR PUMP

• As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a
void and suction which is filled by fluid.
• The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the pump, where
the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid.
 ADVANTAGES OF A GEAR PUMP

• Compact & No Pulsations

• No hose ruptures to leak chemicals
• Properly selected, a gear pump will be more reliable and less maintenance
intensive
• Handle solvents, hot liquids and many chemicals that cannot be handled
with peristaltic pumps
 APPLICATION OF A GEAR PUMP

• Various fuel oils and lube oils

• Chemical additive and polymer metering
• Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
• Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.)
• Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
• Low volume transfer or application
 OPERATION OF A SCREW PUMP

• pump that use one or several screws to move fluids or solids along the
screw(s) axis. In its simplest form (the Archimedes' screw pump), a single
screw rotates in a cylindrical cavity, thereby moving the material along the
screw's spindle.
 ADVANTAGES OF A SCREW PUMP

• Slow Speed, Simple and Rugged design

• Pumps raw water with heavy solids and floating debris
• Can run without water
• Constant high efficiency with variable capacity
• Easy maintenance (no 'high skilled' staff required)
• Long lifetime ( > 20-40 years)
 APPLICATION OF A SCREW PUMP

• Sewage Inlet Pumps

• Storm Water Pumping Stations (Flood Control)
• Drainage Pumping Stations
• Industrial Waste Water
 OPERATION OF A VANE PUMP

• As the rotor turns the vane moves outward at the intake port creating a
void/drawing liquid in
• Fluid is transferred between vanes
• At the outlet, fluid is discharged as pumping chamber is squeezed (and
vanes forced back)
 ADVANTAGES OF A VANE PUMP

• Handles thin liquids at relatively higher pressures

• Compensates for wear through vane extension
• Sometimes preferred for solvents, LPG
• Can run dry for short periods
• Can have one seal or stuffing box
• Develops good vacuum
 APPLICATION OF A VANE PUMP

• Aerosol and Propellants

• Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
• Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
• LPG Cylinder Filling
• Alcohols
• Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia
• Solvents
• Aqueous solutions
OPERATION OF A PROGRESSIVE CAVITY PUMP

• Pumping element consists of a metal rotor rotating in an elastomeric stator

 ADVANTAGES OF A PROGRESSIVE CAVITY
PUMP
• Low Shear
• Sanitary Designs Available
• Solids Handling Capability
• High Pressure Capability, up to 1000 psi (68.95 bar)
• Handle Very Viscous Liquids up to 1,000,000 cps
 APPLICATION OF A PROGRESSIVE CAVITY
PUMP
• Drainage applications
• Sampling duties
• Waste water treat
• Chemical industry ( varnish, paints, inks)
• Agrofood industry
• Abrasive slurries
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS

• Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons,
plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the
desired direction.
• In order for suction to take place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an
outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber.
• Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and the
inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the
fluid into the delivery pipe at a high velocity.
TYPICAL RECIPROCATING PUMPS ARE

Diaphragm pumps Piston Plunger pumps

 OPERATION OF A DIAPHRAGM PUMP

• A diaphragm pump is a positive displacement pump which utilizes two

flexible diaphragms that reciprocate back and forth, creating a temporary
chamber.
• The flexible diaphragms both draw in and expels fluid through the pump.
The diaphragms work as a separation wall between the air and the liquid.
The diaphragms are connected by a shaft in the center section.
 ADVANTAGES OF A DIAPHRAGM PUMP

• Ability to run dry

• Explosion proof
• Variable flow rate and discharge pressure
• Simple installation
• No pressure relief or bypass needed
• High pressure capabilities
 APPICATION OF A DIAPHRAGM PUMP

• Used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks
• Used in pumping slurries and wastewater in shallow depths
• Smaller models are typically used in chemical metering or dosing
applications
• Larger models of this pump type are used to move heavy sludge and
debris-filled wastes from trenches and catch basins
 OPERATION OF A PISTON / PLUNGER PUMP

• Piston pumps and plunger pumps are reciprocating pumps that use a
plunger or piston to move media through a cylindrical chamber.
• The plunger or piston is actuated by a steam powered, pneumatic,
hydraulic, or electric drive.
 ADVANTAGES OF A PISTON / PLUNGER PUMP

• High reliability
• Ability to develop high pressures in a single stage
• Easily controlled by stroke adjustment or variable speed
• Capable of almost any pressure and of large flow capacity
 APPLICATION OF A PISTON / PLUNGER PUMP

• Automotive sector
• Hydraulic system of jet air craft
• Oil industry
• High pressure units
• Test rigs
 DYNAMIC PUMPS

• These are most recognized centrifugal and axial type pumps and are
operated by developing a high liquid velocity, which is converted to
pressure in a diffusing flow passage.
• These pumps generally are lower in efficiency than positive displacement
pumps. However they do operate at relatively higher speeds, thus
providing higher flow rates in relation to the physical size of the pumps
DYNAMIC PUMPS CAN BE DIVIDED IN THREE
MAIN CLASSES

• Centrifugal flow pumps

• Axial flow pumps
• Mixed flow pumps
 CENTRIFUGAL FLOW PUMPS

• Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of

rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The
rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor.
• The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is
accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser
or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits.
 AXIAL FLOW PUMPS

• An axial flow pump has a propeller-type of impeller running in a casing.

The pressure in an axial flow pump is developed by the flow of liquid over
the blades of impeller.
• The fluid is pushed in a direction parallel to the shaft of the impeller, that
is, fluid particles, in course of their flow through the pump, do not change
their radial locations. It allows the fluid to enter the impeller axially and
discharge the fluid nearly axially. The propeller of an axial flow pump is
driven by a motor.
 MIXED FLOW PUMPS

• A type of pump that mixes features of radial flow and axial flow pumps.
• Radial flow pumps are in-line centrifugal pumps that operate on a
horizontal plane in relation to the flow direction of the water. Axial flow
pumps are the opposite—they are in-line pumps that work on a vertical
plane in relation to the water. Mixed flow pumps are a cross between the
two. The impeller sits within the pipe and turns, but the turning mechanism
is essentially diagonal, using centrifugal force to move the water along
while accelerating it further with the push from the axial direction of the
impeller. This creates enough force to generate high rates of flow.
THANK YOU