Electrical Installations For Buildings: EEN 457 Imad Mougharbel

Electrical Installations for
Buildings
EEN 457
Imad Mougharbel
Electrical Installation for Buildings

EEN 457 Imad Mougharbel 1
COURSE CONTENTS
 I. Low Voltage Installation (5 weeks)
 Distribution, Wiring, Calculation
 II. Low Current Installation (3 weeks)

 Fire Alarm, Security, Tele Communication
 III. Lighting Installation (4 weeks)

 Sources, Equipment, Calculation

I. Power Distribution systems
(Prereq. 3ph Power & Current Calculation)
I.1 - Single phase distribution side of the transformer
IEEE 142 Recommendation for Industrial and Commercial Power

System Grounding
IEC 60364-5-54 earthing arrangements for buildings

I.2 - 3 phase distribution side of the transformer
STAR Secondary
DELTA Secondary
POSSIBILITIES:
- 4 wires grounded neutral
- 4 wires ungrounded neutral
- 3 wires grounded neutral
- 3 wires ungrounded neutral
I.3 – Voltage Rating (IEC 60038 International Voltage Standard)

I.4.1 – IEC Voltage Standards

EEN 457 FALL 2008-2009 Imad Mougharbel 6
I.4 – Voltage Spread and Drop
Voltage Spreads within a margin of operation
Voltage Drops between no load and full load operation
Voltage Spreads and Drops at the following Levels:
Authority Station Feeder Subst Branch Consumer
Utility HV/MV MVBus MV/LV MDB SDB
• Utility High Voltage Spread (8%)

• Distribution HV/MV transformer Drop (1.5%)
• Feeder Voltage Drop (2.5%)
• Building MV/LV transformer Drop (1.5%)
• Branch circuit Voltage Drop (1.5%)
• Utilization Voltage Spread (5%)
IEC 62271-1 Standard for “rated voltage”.

I.4 – Example
Minimal Utilization: 220V – 220V x 5% = 209V
Branch Drop: 209V – 209 x 1.5% = 206V
Substation Drop: (206V – 206V x 1.5%) x 11,000V / 220V
= 10,146 V
Feeder Drop: 10,146V – 10,146 x 2.5% = 9,892V
Station Drop: (9,892V – 9,892V x 1.5%) x 66kV/11kV
= 58,462 V
Utility Margin (66kV – 58kV) / 66kV = +/– 12%
12% = 5% + 1.5% + 1.5% + 2.5% + 1.5%

I.5 Typical Distribution configurations
Radial Configurations
Simple Radial Distributed Radial Selective Radial

EEN 457 FALL Imad Mougharbel 9
I.5 Typical Distribution configurations
Loop Configurations
Primary Loop Primary With Secondary Tie

I.6 Substation Transformers
Indoor Dry Type Outdoor Oil Immersed
Transformer Impedance USC%: Isc = In/Usc x 100, In = Sn/Un√3

Produce a drop of voltage when the transformer is loaded
Produce Short Circuit Current limitation

I.7 Typical Substation Room
MV Panels

II. Grounding systems
II.1 Substation Grounding
To reduce the transferred Voltage:

-Connect the MV distribution to Ground
-Reduce the LV earthing Resistor
Metallic Enclosure of
Neutral line Consumer Equipment

II.2 Grounding Configurations
TN IT TT
Neutral Line Connection on Enclosure Connection of

the substation LV side MDBs on the consumer side

II.3 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
I1
I2
IT
IT = K (I1 – I2)
If no Fault I1 = I2

II.4 Advantages of Grounding
Advantages:
- Protect against accidental contacts
- Protect against lightning Hazard
- Protect people against electrical shocks
- More economical Installation
Not to be used:
- For loads to be permanently supplied like surgical rooms
- Loads should be isolated from the main supply
- Sensitive ground detection should be considered

III. Emergency/Standby Power Systems
III.1 Emergency/Critical Loads
Security & Life Safety Loads:
- Exit Lights
- Fire Alarm and Suppression Systems
- Safety Communications Systems
Critical Mechanical Loads (continuity is important for

comfort):
- HVAC, Critical pumps…
Critical Electrical Loads (Continuity is important for

benefit):
- Computers, Telecommunications…

III.2 Connections with the Main Utility
- Emergency switchboard to overcome maintenance interruptions

- Emergency supply to solve utility interruptions
- Interlocked switches may replace selectors
- ATS may replace Manual operation
III.3 Power Generator Set
- Combination of Diesel Engine & Electrical Generator

- Important ventilation when Indoor Installation or when
using Silencer Housing
- Weather proof housing required for outdoor
- Startup, protection and control circuits are integrated
- Special standards and recommendations for installation

NFPA 31/37 Installation of Stationary Engines
NEC 445 generators
NEMA Motors and Generators Ratings
CATERPILLAR Electric Power Application and Installation Guide LEBE
1924-01
BALDOR Generator Set Installation Recommendation MN2400

III.3 UPS
Combination of:
- Rectifier, Charger, Inverter
- Battery Rack
- Control, filtering & Protection circuits
- Bypass System
Used For:
- Loads requiring transient transparency
- Loads up to some tens of kVA
- Loads not to be permanently supplied through auxiliary sources
Selection Criteria:
- Power, Power factor, Battery type, safety equipped battery room,
harmonics, autonomy, EMC, protection…
- Standards: IEC 62040, UL 1778

IV. LV Power Equipment
IV.1 Service Entrance
Overhead service drop

Surge Arrestor
or on the entrance
Underground duct bank

IV.2 Traditional Distribution Boards
Bus Bar
Junctions

IV.3 Functional Distribution Boards
Withdrawable Functional Unit Disconnectable Functional Unit

IV.4 Sub and Final Distribution Boards
Final Distribution Boards

Sub Distribution
Board

IV.5 Motor Control Centers
-Motor Starter to reduce Inrush starting current

-Automatic starter for > 1 hp
-Types: EM, SS, VSD
-Integrated Protection Device or not
-Circuitry: Across-the-line, auto-trans, D / Y
-Construction: General, Weathertight, Waterproof

IV.6.a Online Starters Operation

IV.6.b D/Y Starters Operation

V. Power LV Installation Cables
V.1 Conductors
Conductors meeting requirements of Standard IEC 60228

V.2 Insulating Materials
PolyvinylChloride (PVC), Polyethylene (PE), CrossLink PE (XLPE)

V.3 Cross Sectional area (Tables of “Cable du Liban”)
Determination of the cross sectional area depends on the :

- Current carrying capacities in continuous loading
according to IEC 60286 (70o for PVC, 90o for XLPE)
- Voltage drop in continuous loading
- Permissible short-circuit current
- Conditions of installation (correction factor depending
on temperature, spacing, buried, aerial, ...).
- Correction Factors are to be considered for:
• Different soil thermal resistivity (ref: 100oC.cm/w)
• Different soil temperature (ref: 20oC)
• Different ambient temperature (ref: 30oC)
• Proximity effect for cables (on air, on trays,
undergroud)
V.4.1 Correction Factors (Thermal Resistivity)

V.4.3 Correction Factors (Soil Temperature)

V.4.5 Correction Factors (Ambient Temperature )

V.4.4 Correction Factors (Underground proximity)

V.4.6 Correction Factors (cables in air proximity)

V.4.7 Voltage Drop

V.4.8 Short Circuit Current

V.4.9 Construction (IEC 60502-1)
Unarmourd Armourd

VI. Wiring & Installation
VI.1 Raceways (NEC code for # wires in a conduit)
- Thin flexible conduits: ½ to 4 in. common in buildings

- Rigid Conduit: > 4in. Wet & explosive locations
- Wireways: 3 in. to 8 in. Surface metal, bus ways, cable tray
- Bus ducts: Power distribution with feeder
- Underfloor ducts: cast into a floor slab, wiring to the center
of large rooms
- Cellular floor: Structural floor + raceway, flexible system
- Raised floor: Space for wiring between structural and
raised floor

VI.1 Raceways (IEC 60364)

VI.2 Wiring Devices
- Switches’ characteristics
• Engaging method, Number of poles
• Voltage & Current ratings, Operation method
• Electrical protection, Enclosure, Duty
- Receptacles’ characteristics
• Voltage & Current ratings, Number of poles and wires
• Shape and configuration of the blades, polarization
• Electrical protection, Enclosure, Duty
- Contactors, Relays & Dimmers
• Used for Remote Control, dimmers for light control
• Activated Contact when EM coil is supplied
• Characteristics items: Voltage & Current rating,
Number of poles, Protection, Enclosure, Duty…
VII. Protective Devices
VII.1 Short Circuit Current
- Short circuit closed to the transformer secondary:

Is = I / U% , I = Full load or rating current
U% = Zp% + Zs%
Zp%, Zs% = primary, secondary
transformer impedances in %
Zeq = Eo / Is, Zeq = Equivalent impedance in ohms

Eo = No load secondary voltage
- Short circuit in a loop:

Is = E / Z, E = Open loop voltage,
Z = Loop Impedance
VII.2 Circuit Breakers Operation
Thermal CB Magnetic CB Hybrid CB

VII.2 Circuit Breakers Typical Construction
Line
Conductor
Thermal Calibrator
Tripping unit
Contactor

VII.3 Circuit Breakers Features
- Arc Quenching: Air or oil

- Operation: Thermal, magnetic, Termal+magnetic, Electronic
- Voltage class 125V, 250V, 600V, 5kV, 15kV, 35kV…
- Frame size: 30, 50…, 100…, 2000…, 4000… Amps
- Trip rating: may go up to frame size rating 15, 20, 30, 50…
Amps
- Interrupting Capacity: should be higher then Isc

VII.4 Fuses Features
- Voltage Class, 12, 24, 125, 250, 600, 5000V

- Current Rating up to 6000 A
- Construction, Number of fusible elements
- Operation, fast or delayed
- Short Circuit Current interrupting Capacity up to 200 000 A
- Fusible Material, lead, tin, copper, silver…

VII.4 Fuses Typical Construction
Delay Section Melting Point
Heat Sink
Over load Blowing up Short Circuit Blowing up

VII.5 Parameters used for PD selection

VII.6 Circuit Breaker Selection
-MCCB, integrated current carrying,

mechanism & trip devices, 15 A to 800A
-LVPCB, air breakers with replaceable
contacts, 600 A to 4000 A, Up to 600V
-HVPCB, 600 A to 4000 A, Up to 75 kV
-ICCB, Eq to MCCB & LVPCB
Ir = Regulated tripping current, Iz = Maximum permissible Current

VII.6 Fuse Selection
-Single element , fast to break any

inrush current
-Dual element, delayed for
withstanding motor inrush currents
Ir = minimum rating current, Iz = Maximum permissible Current

VII.6 Coordination/ Discrimination
-CB1 Trips if SC at the MDB and all the circuit after

- CB2, CB3 Trips if SC Loads
- A fault on L1 should not trip CB1
CB1
MDB
CB3 CB2
L2 L1

IIX. Electrical Design Procedure

IIX.1 Load Estimation
- Separate between Lighting, Mechanical and Emergency Loads
- Refer to Power density tables (W/m2) for the estimation of lighting
consumption in terms of functional occupancy
- Coordinate with architect, interior and lighting designers for the adjustment
of lighting power estimation
- Refer to manufacturer Catalogues for mechanical load estimation
- Coordinate with mechanical engineer for the adjustment of the mechanical
load demand
- Refer to security standards and catalogues to estimate the capacity of the
emergency power to supply systems like fire alarm, emergency exits, BMS,
Network…

IIX.2 Connected and Demand Load
- CL = Connected Fixed or Convenience load
- CLi = CL of group i (lighting, receptacle, mechanical,…)
- GCL = Σ CLi = Gross Connected Load
- DLi = CLi x Demand Factor
- GDL = Σ DLi = Gross Demand Load
- NDL = GDL / Diversity Factor

IIX.3 Space Planning
- Size of Equipment varies with capacity
- Accessibility should be conform to standards

- Security distance should be provided according to standards
- Passageways should be provided for wall mounted SB

IIX.4.1 Electrical Floor Plans

IIX.4.2 Riser diagram

IIX.4.3 Electrical one line diagram

IIX.5 Essential Codes IEC 60364-1 / NFPA 70 - NEC
-Minimum Power systems capacity
-Future expectations for max Feeder Capacity and max spare branches
-Maximum voltage to ground
-Standards Cables and wires
-Cables Types
-Protective Raceways, number of conductors in raceway
-Conductors allowable ampacity
-Connections of wires and cable
-Over current, Over volatge and Overload protection
-Disconnection means and position

IIX.6 Standard Rules for Branch Wiring
1. Don’t use wires smaller than 14 AWG / 2 mm2 for residential (15 A)
2. Smallest wires 12AWG / 3.3mm2 (20 A) for commercial/ industrial/…
3. Don’t exceed the norms concerning connected load for a circuit current
capacity (120V – 15A – 1200W, 120V – 20A – 1500W)
4. Don’t exceed lighting connected power for a given wire size of a circuit
(10 AWG – 2kW , 6 AWG – 3kW)
5. Don’t exceed the permissible wire length between the LSB and lighting
outlets ( 100ft , 30 m)
6. Don’t use smaller than specified size in the standards when the length
exceed a specific value ( d > 10 AWG when L > 100 ft)
7. Don’t exceed the permissible drop of voltage percentage between
supply and load ( 5%)

IIX.6 Standard Rules for Branch Wiring (continue)
8. Don’t connect on the same branch lighting and convenience outlets
9. Don’t exceed the number of connected outlets per branch (gpp outlets :
1.5 A / receptacle , 3 A / duplex receptacle)
10. Branches supplying motors’ circuits should be over-dimensioned (
125% of highest rated motor + full load of all others)
11. Use types of cables according to installation conditions as listed in
IEC60364-1 / NFPA 70 – NEC standards
12. Don’t exceed the number of cables or wires in a raceway
13. Provide 25% of spare space in a gpp panel

IIX.7 Panel Board Schedule
- Symmetric table of loads shared on two columns of the panel
- Loads characteristics per line and per column: Description, rating, duty,
protection, poles, number of supplying branch.
- Provide equilibrium among phases as possible as you can
- Calculate total connected loads in KVA for lighting, recp.1, recep.2,
motors, other, sub-panels
- Indicate for each type the demand factor and calculate the demand load
- Calculate the Gross Demand Load
- Indicate the corresponding panel diversity factor and calculate the Gross
net load

IIX.7 Panel Board Schedule Example

IIX.8 Equipment Data Schedule (Mechanical Loads)
- Types of loads: Chillers, fire pumps, elevators, kitchen supplies…

- Characteristics: Active and reactive Power, Power Factor, transient
operation, mechanical characteristics,
- Wiring design: poles, Y, D, location, protection…
- Schedule parts: Designation, Motor Data, Controller Data, Branch Data

IIX.8 Equipment Data Schedule (Mechanical Loads)

IIX.9 Lighting Fixture Schedule
-Lighting source label as on the plan
-Lighting description of the fixture, reflectors, luminaire…
-Lighting application and functionality
-Lamp type used in the luminaire
-Power ratings per lamp, number of lamps per fixture
-Lamp Code as mentioned by the lamp manufacturer
-Voltage Supply
-Power per fixture considering thermal losses in the luminaire
-Manufacturer catalogue reference

IIX.9 Lighting Fixture Schedule


Electrical Installations For Buildings: EEN 457 Imad Mougharbel

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Electrical Installations for

Electrical Installation for Buildings

 II. Low Current Installation (3 weeks)

 III. Lighting Installation (4 weeks)

Electrical Installation for Buildings

IEEE 142 Recommendation for Industrial and Commercial Power

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

• Utility High Voltage Spread (8%)

IEC 62271-1 Standard for “rated voltage”.

Electrical Installation for Buildings

12% = 5% + 1.5% + 1.5% + 2.5% + 1.5%

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Simple Radial Distributed Radial Selective Radial

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Primary Loop Primary With Secondary Tie

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Indoor Dry Type Outdoor Oil Immersed

Transformer Impedance USC%: Isc = In/Usc x 100, In = Sn/Un√3

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

To reduce the transferred Voltage:

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Neutral Line Connection on Enclosure Connection of

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Critical Mechanical Loads (continuity is important for

Critical Electrical Loads (Continuity is important for

Electrical Installation for Buildings

- Emergency switchboard to overcome maintenance interruptions

- Combination of Diesel Engine & Electrical Generator

- Special standards and recommendations for installation

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Overhead service drop

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Withdrawable Functional Unit Disconnectable Functional Unit

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Final Distribution Boards

Electrical Installation for Buildings

-Motor Starter to reduce Inrush starting current

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Conductors meeting requirements of Standard IEC 60228

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Determination of the cross sectional area depends on the :

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

- Thin flexible conduits: ½ to 4 in. common in buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

Electrical Installation for Buildings

- Short circuit closed to the transformer secondary: