LECTURE 1: FOUNDATIONS OF

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
I. Introduction
II. Historical Overview
III. Current Issues (PAP Code of Ethics)
IV. Research Methods
V. Diagnosis & Classification of
Psychological Disorders

Reference:
Ms. Kimberly Joanna Dayrit, RPm
Trull, T. & Prinstein, M. (2013). Clinical Psychology (8th
Ed.). Cengage Learning: Belmont, CA Psychology Lecturer
WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
– The field of clinical psychology involves research,
teaching, and services relevant to the applications
of principles, methods, and procedures for
understanding, predicting, and alleviating
intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological,
social and behavioral maladjustment, disability
and discomfort, applied to a wide range of client
populations. (Resnick, 1990)
 WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
• The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science,
theory, and practice to understand, predict, and
alleviate maladjustment, disability, and
discomfort as well as to promote human
adaptation, adjustment, and personal
development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the
intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological,
social, and behavioral aspects of human
functioning across the life span, in varying
cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels. (APA
Division 12)
 WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY?
• Clinical psychology is the psychological specialty that
provides continuing and comprehensive mental and
behavioral health care for individuals and families;
consultation to agencies and communities; training,
education and supervision; and research-based
practice. It is a specialty in breadth — one that is
broadly inclusive of severe psychopathology — and
marked by comprehensiveness and integration of
knowledge and skill from a broad array of disciplines
within and outside of psychology proper. The scope of
clinical psychology encompasses all ages, multiple
diversities and varied systems.
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
GERMANE TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
1. Understanding of psychopathology and
diagnostic/intervention considerations.
2. Mental health issues across the lifespan
based on a solid understanding of
psychopathology.
3. Assessment
4. Consultation
5. Research Based
 PARAMETERS IN THE PRACTICE OF
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Population: Individuals, communities, groups
and families across all lifespan, from all ethnic,
cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
• Problems/Issues: Addresses behavioral and
mental health issues across the lifespan
• Procedures: Assessment, Intervention,
Consultation and Research
 GROUP ACTIVITY
(FEBRUARY 6, 2019)
• Divide the class into 2 groups.
• Choose which side of the debate are you: Pro
or Con?
• Topic: Should prescription privileges be given
to clinical psychologists?
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: HISTORICAL ROOTS
Thales, Hippocrates, Aristotle –
speculated about the nature of
thought, sensation & pathology of
human beings (Shaffer & Lazarus,
1952)
Philippe Pinel – Founder of moral
treatment for mental health
Dorothea Dix – campaigned for better
facilities for the mentally ill.
In 1848, New Jersey established the
1st hospital for the mentally ill in
the United States.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE BEGINNINGS (1850 – 1899)
• Francis Galton study the differences among
people using quantitative methods.
Established an anthropometric laboratory in
1882.
• James McKeen Cattell studied the reaction
time differences among people & coined the
term mental test.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE BEGINNINGS (1850 – 1899)
• Lightner Witmer opened the 1st psychological
clinic in 1896 and started the 1st journal
psychological journal called The Psychological
Clinic. He is regarded as the Father of Clinical
Psychology.
Contribution: Diagnosis, assessment and
intervention of children who experienced
educational difficulties.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE BEGINNINGS (1850 – 1899)
• Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist,
researched the connection between brain
biology and mental illness. He was the
founder of psychopharmacology.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900-1919)
• Collaborative work of Alfred Binet and
Theodore Simon in ensuring the children with
cognitive limitations. To distinguish objectively
among various degrees of limitations, the two
men developed the 1908 Binet-Simon Scale.
• Henry Goddard later introduced the Binet
tests to America, and Lewis Terman produced
an American revision in 1916.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900-1919)
• In 1904, Charles Spearman offered the concept of
general intelligence referred to as g intelligence.
Edward Thorndike countered the idea with a
conceptualization that emphasized on the
importance of separate abilities.
• In 1905, Carl Jung began using the word
association methods to attempt to uncover
unconscious material in patients.
• In 1910, the Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test
was published.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900-1919)
• When the US entered World War I, the
emphasis of psychological testing began to
emerge in the selection process of recruits.
• After WWI, a committee of five members
from the American Psychological Association
(APA) was appointed by the Medical
Department of the Army. Its chairman was
Robert Yerkes. This led to the classification of
the Army Alpha and Army Beta Tests.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
IN BETWEEN THE WARS (1920 – 1939)
• In 1930, the Arthur Point Scale appeared, and
in 1934, it was followed by the Cornell-Coxe
test.
• In 1926, the Goodenough Draw-a-Man
technique for measuring intelligence was
published. The psychologist now had
individual and group tests as well as verbal
and nonverbal tests, and clinicians were using
terms like “intelligence quotients.”
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
IN BETWEEN THE WARS (1920 – 1939)
• The continuing debate on theoretical issues in
intelligence was further sparked in 1927 by
Louis Thurstone’s contribution based on factor
analysis. Spearman, Thorndike, and Thurstone
had all now entered the intelligence arena,
and each made important contributions.
• In 1928, Gesell’s developmental scales were
published, and in 1936, Doll’s Vineland Social
Maturity Scale appeared.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
IN BETWEEN THE WARS (1920 –
1939)
• A major development in the
intelligence testing movement
occurred in 1939, whe David
Wechsler published the
Wechsler-Bellevue test.
• Rise of projective testing in
1921 through the publication
of Psychodiagnostik by
Hermann Rorschach
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
IN BETWEEN THE WARS (1920 – 1939)
• In 1935, Christina Morgan and Henry Murray
published the Thematic Apperception Test.
• In 1938, Lauretta Bender published the Bender-
Gestalt Test.
• In 1939, L.K. Frank coined the term projective
techniques.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
WORLD WAR II AND BEYOND (1940-Present)
• In 1943, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) appeared (Hathaway, 1943).
The MMPI was an objective self-report test
whose major function, initially, seemed to be
attaching psychiatric labels to patients
• In the 1940s and 1950s, clinical psychologists
were seen as experts in psychodiagnosis.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
THE BEGINNINGS (1850-1899)
• Jean Charcot gained a widespread reputation for
his investigations of patients with hysteria patients
with “physical symptoms” (e.g. blindness,
paralysis) that did not seem to have an identifiable
physical cause.
• Collaboration between Josef Breuer and Sigmund
Freud on the case of “Anna O”
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900-1919)
• Cliford Beers was hospitalized in the wake of
several severe depressions. While hospitalized, he
passed into a manic phase and began recording his
experiences in the hospital.
•In 1908, A Mind That Found Itself was published,
and the mental hygiene movement in America was
launched.
In 1900, shortly before Beers entered the hospital,
Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900-1919)
• Also important was William Healy’s
establishment of a child guidance clinic in
Chicago in 1909.
• In 1905, Joseph Pratt, an internist, and Elwood
Worcester, a psychologist, began to use a
method of supportive discussion among
hospitalized mental patients.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
BETWEEN THE WARS (1920-1939)
• The eventual entry of psychologists into
therapeutic activities was a natural outgrowth of
their early work with children in various
guidance clinics.
• By the early 1930s, Adler’s (1930) ideas were
firmly ensconced in those American clinics that
dealt with children’s problems.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
BETWEEN THE WARS (1920-1939)
• A second trend that influenced early work
with children—play therapy—was more
directly derived from traditional Freudian
principles.
Play therapy is essentially a technique that
relies on the curative powers of the release of
anxiety or hostility through expressive play.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
WORLD WAR II AND BEYOND (1940 - Present)
•The pressures of Nazi tyranny forced many
European psychiatrists and psychologists to
leave their homelands, and many of them
ultimately settled in the United States
• In 1946, Alexander and French published an
influential book on briefer psychoanalytic
interventions.
• In 1951, Carl Rogers published his book on
Client- Centered Therapy.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: INTERVENTION
WORLD WAR II AND BEYOND (1940 - Present)
• Newer forms of therapy were beginning to
proliferate.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH
THE BEGINNINGS (1850 -1899)
•Wilhelm Wundt, a German, is usually credited
with establishing the first formal psychological
laboratory, in Leipzig in 1879.
•In that same decade, an American, William
James, also established a laboratory, and in
1890, he published his classic text Principles of
Psychology.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH
THE ADVENT OF MODERN ERA (1900 - 1919)
• During this period, Ivan Pavlov was lecturing
on the conditioned reflex. His work on
conditioning left an important legacy for clinical
psychology.
• Another important development was research
on intelligence testing. In 1905, Binet and Simon
offered some evidence for the validity of their
new test, and in 1916, Terman’s research on the
Binet-Simon test appeared.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH
BETWEEN THE WARS (1920 - 1939)
•1939 publication of the Wechsler-Bellevue test
and all the personality testing work of the
1930s.
• On the academic research scene, behaviorism
and Gestalt psychology were prominent.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY: RESEARCH
WORLD WAR II AND BEYOND (1940 - Present)
•By the mid-1960s, diagnosis and assessment
had become less important for many clinicians.
However, in the 1950s, you would hardly have
predicted that. The journals were full of
research studies dealing with both intelligence
testing and personality assessment.
• https://www.verywellmind.com/james-
mckeen-cattell-biography-1860-1944-2795513
• http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/br
oughttolife/people/emilkraepelin
• https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-
general-intelligence-2795210