8.1 8.2

CHAPTER 8 :
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
(2 HRS)
2
8.0 Transport System (2 hrs)
8.1 Mammalian heart & its regulation (1)

8.2 Human Lymphatic system (½)
8.3 Transport in plants (½)
3
Learning outcomes

a) Explain the initiation of heart beat
b) Explain cardiac cycle
c) Explain Electrocardiogram (ECG)
d) Explain the factors affecting heartbeat
8.2 Human lymphatic system (½)

4
INTRODUCTION LECTURE
Transport System
• Humans have a closed circulatory system

• A.k.a cardiovascular system
• Consist of:-
 Heart (the pump)
 Vessel (arteries, veins & capillaries)
 Blood
• Our circulatory system involves double circulation

5
INTRODUCTION LECTURE
6
INTRODUCTION
Double Circulation
Pulmonary circulation
• Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• After gaseous exchange occurs, oxygenated blood
from the lungs returns to the heart
Systemic circulation
• Heart pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body
• After gaseous exchange occurs, deoxygenated
blood from the whole body returns to the heart
7
Learning Outcomes : 8
Describe the structure of heart
Structure of Heart
• A muscular pump : fist-sized, cone-shaped

• Location : chest
• Lies within a sac  pericardium
• Function is to pump blood

throughout the body to:
 supply nutrient & O2
 remove waste (urea & CO2)
Structure of Heart
• Wall of heart (3 layers) :

 epicardium
 myocardium (cardiac
muscle)
 Endocardium
Structure of Heart
• Has 4 chambers :
Right atrium Left atrium
Right ventricle Left ventricle
• Right & left side of the heart is separated by a

septum
• Blood in atria & ventricles are separated by
atrioventricular (AV) valve
 Right – tricuspid valve
 Left – bicuspid valve
Describe the structure of heart LECTURE
Structure of Heart
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Superior Semilunar
vena cava valves
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Right atrium
Bicuspid
Tricuspid valve
valve
Septum
Inferior
vena cava Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Describe the structure of heart LECTURE
Structure of Heart
8.1 (a) Explain the initiation of heart beat LECTURE
Heartbeat
• Heart beats ~ 72 times/minute (varies)
1 Intrinsic Conduction System
• Initiate heart beat
2 Extrinsic Control (Cardiac Center)
• Modify heart rate

Intrinsic Conduction System
• Involves:
1 Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
2 Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
3 Bundle of His
4 Purkinje fibers
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle
Purkinje
of His
fibers
SA Node
• A group of special cardiac muscle cells

• A.k.a pacemaker
• Location : upper wall of right atrium (near superior

vena cava)
• Function : generate impulse of the heart,

sets the rate & timing for cardiac
muscles to contract
AV Node
• AV Node has a small diameter
• Location : lower part of right atrium (between the

right atrium & right ventricle)
• Function : receives impulses from SA Node,

conduct impulse slowly ~ delay impulse
shortly before send it to bundle of His
Initiation of heart beat
• SAN generates impulse

• Impulse spread to both atria causing atria to
contract
• Impulse reach AVN
• AVN conduct impulse more slowly
• Delay the flow of impulse for a moment (0.1s)
• To allow both atria to complete their contraction &
empty their blood into ventricles
• Impulse from AVN spread to bundle of His, reach

heart apex, Purkinje fibers & spread to both
ventricles
• Causing both ventricles to contract
SA node
Atrial muscle Contract
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
Ventricle muscle Contract

• Cardiac muscles can generate impulse & contract on

its own
• Without the help from nervous system
• This ability is called as myogenic
• If all nerve connections to the heart are cut

• Heart continues to beat
• Which enables heart transplant
8.1 (b) Explain cardiac cycle TUTORIAL
Introduction
• Cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs

from a beginning of a heartbeat to the beginning
of the next heartbeat
• Related to the blood flow or blood pressure that
changes during a heartbeat due to contraction &
relaxation of heart muscle
Introduction
• Contraction of heart muscle ~ systole

• Relaxation of heart muscle ~ diastole
• Atrial systole
• Atrial diastole
• Ventricular systole
• Ventricular diastole
Cardiac Cycle
• The heart chambers

alternately contract & relax
• 1 cycle ~ 0.8 second
• Includes 3 stages:
 Atrial & ventricular diastole
(0.4 s)
 Atrial systole, ventricular
diastole (0.1 s)
 Atrial diastole, ventricular
systole (0.3 s)
1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Right)
• Deoxygenated blood
enters the right atrium
via vena cava
• Causes the pressure of
the right atrium to
increase
• When the pressure is
higher than right
ventricle, tricuspid valve
opens
• Blood flows to the right
ventricle
2. Atrial systole, Ventricular diastole (Right)
• Systole atrium
occurs, right
atrium contracts
• The remaining
blood in the
right atrium is
pumped to the
right ventricle
3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Right)
• Right ventricle
contracts
• Pressure of the right
ventricle is higher
than the right atrium
• Tricuspid valve closes
to prevent blood in
the right ventricle
from returning to
the right atrium
3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Right)
• Blood is pumped to
the lungs via
pulmonary artery
• In the lungs, carbon
dioxide from the
blood diffuses into
the alveoli
• Oxygen from the
alveoli diffuses into
the blood capillaries
1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Right)
• Right ventricle starts

to diastole
• Pressure in the right
ventricle is lower
than pulmonary
artery
• Causes the semilunar
valves to close
• To prevent blood
from pulmonary
artery from returning
to the right ventricle
1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Left)
• Oxygenated blood from the

lungs returns to the left
atrium (heart) via
pulmonary vein
• Causes the pressure of the
left atrium to increase
• When the pressure is
higher than the left
ventricle, bicuspid valve
opens
• Blood flows to the left
ventricle
2. Atrial systole, Ventricular diastole (Left)
• Left atrium
contracts
• The remaining blood
in the left atrium is
pumped to the left
ventricle
3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Left)
• Left ventricle
contracts
• Pressure of the left
ventricle increase
• Bicuspid valve closes to
prevent blood in the
left ventricle from
returning to the left
atrium
• Blood is pumped to the
whole body via aorta
1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Left)
• Left ventricle starts

to diastole
• Pressure in the left
ventricle is lower than
aorta
• Causes the semilunar
valve to close
• To prevent blood from
aorta from returning
to the left ventricle
Heart sounds
2 sounds:
• 1st sound – lub
 Closure of AV valves (trikuspid & bikuspid)
• 2nd sound – dub

 Closure of semilunar valve
Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers
• 3 phase :
A. Atrial systole, ventricular diastole (0.1 s)
B. Atrial diastole, ventricular systole (0.3 s)
C. Atrial & ventricular diastole (0.4 s)
KEY :
• When heart chambers contract, pressure is ,
volume 
• Movement of blood : from  pressure to a 
pressure
A) Atrial systole,
Ventricular diastole
• Atrium contracts
• Blood from atrium is
pumped into ventricle
• Causes P ventricle to 
B) Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
• Ventricle contracts, P
ventricle 
• When P ventricle > P atrium,
AV valve close
• Ventricle continues to
contract, blood remains
within ventricle
• When P ventricle > P atrium,
semilunar valve opens
B) Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
• Atrium starts to
relax, P atrium 
• Blood from the lungs
flows to the left
atrium
• Blood filling causes P
atrium to 
C) Atrial & ventricular

diastole
• Ventricle starts to relax
• P ventricle 
• When P ventricle < P aorta,
semilunar valve close
• Ventricle continues to relax
• When P ventricle < P
atrium, AV valve opens
• Blood flows from atrium to
ventricle
8.1 (c) Explain Electrocardiogram (ECG) TUTORIAL
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Waves of impulse generates electrical current

• It can be detected by placing lead electrodes on
the surface of the body
• The detected current can be monitored with an
instrument (electrocardiograph) which amplifies &
record the activity
• Graphic recording of electrical changes during
heart beat is called ECG
• i.e : graph of voltage against time
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
R R
Voltage
T T
P P
Q Q
S S
Time
Normal ECG
• 3 waves
R
1) P-wave
T 2) QRS complex
P
3) T-wave
Q
S
Normal ECG
1) P-wave R
• Small wave
• Represents the electrical
activity when impulse spread T
from SAN to both atria P
• That causes atria to contract
Q
2) QRS complex S
• Large wave
• Represents the electrical activity when impulse
spread to both ventricles
• That causes ventricles to contract
Normal ECG
3) T-wave
R
• Small wave
• Represents the electrical
activity when ventricles
T
starts to recover P
(repolarization)
• At the end of ventricles
Q
contraction S
Normal ECG
T
P
Q
S
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normal ECG
Normal ECG
8.1 (d) Explain the factors affecting heartbeat TUTORIAL
Heartbeat
1 Intrinsic Conduction System
• Initiate heartbeat
2 Extrinsic Control (Cardiac Center)
• Modify heart rate

Extrinsic control of the heart rate
• Basic rate of heartbeat is set by SAN (intrinsic

control)
• But it can be modified by cardiac center that act
as extrinsic control
• Cardiac muscles are supplied with nerve fibres,
derived from autonomic nervous system
• Which control the rate of heartbeat by involuntary
control
Extrinsic control of the heart rate
• Modification of the heartbeat is influenced by

several factors:
 pCO2
 pO2
 Blood pH (normal 7.4)
 Body (blood) temperature
 Blood pressure (BP)
 Stress
Control of the heartbeat
Receptor
Control Center
Effector (heart)

i. pH factor
• Receptor:
1) Chemoreceptor
 Function : detect changes of pCO2, pO2 & pH
 Location : as in respiratory (medulla, carotid
body & aortic body)

i. pH factor
• Location : medulla oblongata
• Cardiac center has 2 parts:-

1) Cardiac acceleratory centre (CAC)
 Linked to SAN via sympathetic nervous system
 Speeds up the heart rate
2) Cardiac inhibitory centre (CIC)
 Linked to SAN via parasympathetic nervous
system
 Slows down the heart rate

i. pH factor
Condition:
pH 
pH , pCO2 
Chemoreceptor
send impulse • Chemoreceptor send
impulse to the CAC
CAC • CAC send impulse to SAN
Send impulse to SAN via sympathetic nerve
via sympathetic nerve
• Release norepinephrine
Heartbeat  (noradrenaline)
• Heartbeat 

i. pH factor
Condition:
pH 
pH , pCO2 
Chemoreceptor
send impulse • Chemoreceptor send
impulse to the CIC
CIC • CIC send impulse to SAN
Send impulse to SAN via vagus (parasympathetic)
via vagus nerve
nerve
Heartbeat  • Releases acetylcholine
• Heartbeat 

ii. Temperature
• Receptor : hypothalamus (thermoregulatory center)
• When body temperature , heartbeat 

• Eg: exercise, fever

ii. Temperature
Condition:
Blood temperature 
Blood temperature 
Hypothalamus send
impulse • Hypothalamus send impulse
to the CAC
CAC • CAC send impulse to SAN
Send impulse to SAN via sympathetic nerve
via sympathetic nerve
• Release norepinephrine
Heartbeat  (noradrenaline)
• Heartbeat 

ii. Temperature
Condition:
Body temperature 
Body temperature 
Hypothalamus send
impulse • Hypothalamus send impulse
to the CIC
CIC • CIC send impulse to SAN
Send impulse to SAN via vagus (parasympathetic)
via vagus nerve
nerve
Heartbeat  • Releases acetylcholine
• Heartbeat 
61
Learning outcomes
8.2 Human lymphatic system (½)
a) Describe the pathway of lymph from tissue
to blood circulatory system
b) Describe the transport of lipids from small
intestine into blood stream

8.2 (a) Describe the pathway of lymph LECTURE
Lymphatic System
• A second circulatory system
• Has branched but dead end capillaries
• Consist of : Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissues / organs
Lymph (fluid)
• Lymphatic vessels consist of :

 Lymphatic capillaries
 Right lymphatic duct (larger)
 Thoracic duct (largest)
63
Pathway of lymph from tissue to blood

circulatory system
• High blood pressure in arterioles force blood

plasma to move out from the cardiovascular system

circulatory system
• These fluids is called as interstitial fluid

• Interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels  lymph

circulatory system
• Lymphatic vessels have valves

to ensure lymph flows 1 way
(towards the heart)
• It flows into largest vessels,
thoracic duct
• It returns to blood circulation
by entering into left subclavian
vein

circulatory system
• Lymph from the right

side enters right
lymphatic duct into right
subclavian vein
• During the process
lymph is sieved &
pathogen is removed by
phagocytosis in lymph
node before returning to
heart

circulatory system
• During the process lymph is

sieved & pathogen is removed
by phagocytosis in lymph node
before returning to heart
Function of lymphatic system
Function of Lymphatic System

1) Return excess
interstitial fluid to
the blood
2) Defend the body
against diseases
Function of lymphatic system
Function of Lymphatic System

3) Absorb lipids from intestine & transport it to blood
8.2 (b) Describe the transport of lipids TUTORIAL
Transport of lipids from small intestine

into blood stream
• Many fingerlike projections (villi) in the lining of intestine

• Each villus is supplied by blood capillary network & lacteal

into blood stream
• Fats are digested

into monoglycerides &
fatty acids
• Monoglycerides &
long-chain fatty acids
associate with bile
salts to form micelles
• They enter intestine
epithelial cell &
triglyceride is re-
synthesized in SER

into blood stream
• Triglyceride combine
with cholesterol coated
with special protein
forming small globules
(a.k.a chylomicrons) in
Golgi body
• Secretory vesicle
containing chylomicrons
leaves via exocytosis &
enter lacteal (& move to
thoracic duct)
Cardiovascular vs Lymphatic System

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
Main circulatory system Second circulatory system
Consist of : Consist of :
a) 1 organ ~ heart (pump) a) Many tissues & organs
b) Continuous blood vessels b) Dead end lymphatic vessels
(artery, vein, capillaries) (thoracic duct, lymphatic
duct, capillaries)
Carry blood Carry lymph (composition ~
blood plasma)
Flow of blood is relatively Flow of lymph is relatively
faster slower
Only vein has valves All lymphatic vessels has valves

8.1 8.2

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CHAPTER 8 :

8.0 Transport System (2 hrs)

8.1 Mammalian heart & its regulation (1)

8.1 Mammalian heart & its regulation (1)

8.2 Human lymphatic system (½)

• Humans have a closed circulatory system

• Our circulatory system involves double circulation

• A muscular pump : fist-sized, cone-shaped

• Function is to pump blood

• Wall of heart (3 layers) :

• Right & left side of the heart is separated by a

• Heart beats ~ 72 times/minute (varies)

1 Intrinsic Conduction System

• Initiate heart beat

2 Extrinsic Control (Cardiac Center)

• Modify heart rate

Intrinsic Conduction System

1 Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

2 Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

• A group of special cardiac muscle cells

• Location : upper wall of right atrium (near superior

• Function : generate impulse of the heart,

• AV Node has a small diameter

• Location : lower part of right atrium (between the

• Function : receives impulses from SA Node,

Initiation of heart beat

• SAN generates impulse

Initiation of heart beat

• Impulse from AVN spread to bundle of His, reach

Initiation of heart beat

Atrial muscle Contract

Ventricle muscle Contract

Initiation of heart beat

• Cardiac muscles can generate impulse & contract on

• If all nerve connections to the heart are cut

• Cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs

• Contraction of heart muscle ~ systole

• The heart chambers

1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Right)

2. Atrial systole, Ventricular diastole (Right)

3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Right)

3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Right)

1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Right)

• Right ventricle starts

1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Left)

• Oxygenated blood from the

2. Atrial systole, Ventricular diastole (Left)

3. Atrial diastole, Ventricular systole (Left)

1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (Left)

• Left ventricle starts

• 2nd sound – dub

Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers

Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers

Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers

Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers

Pressure & Volume Changes of Heart Chambers

C) Atrial & ventricular

• Waves of impulse generates electrical current

1 Intrinsic Conduction System

2 Extrinsic Control (Cardiac Center)

• Modify heart rate

Extrinsic control of the heart rate

• Basic rate of heartbeat is set by SAN (intrinsic