ECE 1311

Chapter 11 – AC Power
Analysis

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 Outlines

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (1)
• The instantaneous power (p(t))
p(t )  v(t ) i(t )  Vm I m cos (w t   v ) cos (w t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v  i )  Vm I m cos (2w t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2wt

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is supplied by the circuit.

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (2)
• The average power (P) is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.
1 T 1
P
T  0
p(t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average

power absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)

i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Example 2

A current I  10  30 flows through an

impedance Z  20  22Ω . Find the average
power delivered to the impedance.

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (5)
Example 3

Calculate the average power absorbed by the resistor and

inductor. Find the average power supplied by the voltage
source.

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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if:

Z L  ZTh *

2
VTH
Pmax 
8 R TH

If the load is purely real, then: R L  2

R TH  XTH
2
 ZTH

1 2
Pmax  I RL
2 8
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 4

For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.

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11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(wt)
is given by:
Im
I rms  Note - -  Ieff  I rms
2
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:

1
P  Vm I m cos (θ v  θ i )  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )
2

Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answers as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power (S) is the product of the rms values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  S cos (θ v  θi )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is:

– the cosine of the phase difference between the voltage and current
or
– The cosine of the angle of the load impedance.

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)

Purely resistive θ – θ = 0, pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

v i
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load θv– θi < 0 load
(R and L/C) • Leading - capacitive
load

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (3)
Example 5

For the circuit shown below, calculate the power factor as seen
by the voltage source. What is the average power supplied by
the voltage source?

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 11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power (S) is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
1
S  V I  Vrms I rms *
2
2
Vrms
S  I rms Z 
2

Z*
Note:
V  Vmθ v I  I mθi

V  Vrms θ v I  I rms θi

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 11.5 Complex Power (2)
1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is the only useful
power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in volt-ampere-reactive (VAR).
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
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 11.5 Complex Power (3)
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power: S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P2  Q2

Real power: P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power: Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor: pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

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 11.5 Complex Power (4)
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 17

 11.5 Complex Power (5)
• Example 6:
– Given: Vrms  11085V
I rms  0.415 A

– Determine:
• The complex and apparent powers.
• The real and reactive powers.
• The power factor and the load impedance.

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