|| Legarda || Mangune || Micayabas || Tolentino|| Viloria || Section 2 Precipitation of Proteins 1. By heat 2. By heavy 3. By strong 4. By alkaloidal 5. By alcohol metal salts mineral acids reagents Precipitation of Proteins 1. By heat 2. By heavy 3. By strong 4. By alkaloidal 5. By alcohol metal salts mineral acids reagents Color Reaction • Biuret Test – A chemical test used for detecting the presence of peptides. • Millon’s Test – Millon’s reagent is an analytical reagent used to detect the presence of soluble proteins. • Hopkin’s Cole Test – A chemical test used for detecting the presence or tryptophan in proteins. • Molisch Test – A chemical test used for detecting the presence of carbohydrates. • Reduces Sulfur Test – Proteins containing sulfur in cysteine and cysteine give a black deposit of lead sulfide when heated with lead acetate in alkaline medium. Color Reactions 1. Biuret test 2. Millon’s test 3. Hopkin’s Cole 4. Molisch test 5. Reduce Sulfur test test Color Reactions 1. Biuret test 2. Millon’s test 3. Hopkin’s Cole 4. Molisch test 5. Reduce Sulfur test test Acidity and Basicity
1. Glycine (Non - polar)
2. Arginine (Basic) 3. Histidine (Basic) 4. Alanine (Non - polar) 5. Lysine (Basic) 6. Aspartic acid (Acidic) Questions 1. What are peptides? Do all proteins possess peptide bonds? Why do all proteins respond to Biuret test? - a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-. - All proteins possess peptide bonds. - Biuret test is used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds. The biuret test relies on the reaction between copper(II) ions and peptide bonds in an alkaline solution. A violet color indicates the presence of proteins. Proteins give a strong biuret reaction because they contain a large number of peptide bonds. Questions 2. What is meant by denaturation of proteins? Give examples of protein denaturing agent? - Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bonds, the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after a denaturation process. - Physical agents: Heat, surface action, ultraviolet light, ultrasound and high pressure. - Chemical agents: Acids, alkalis, heavy metal salts, urea, ethanol, guanidine detergents. Questions 3. Why is egg white used as an antidote for lead and mercurial poisoning? - The common first aid antidote for swallowing a heavy-metal poison is to eat raw egg because the poison then acts on the protein of the egg rather than on the protein sites and tissues of the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Vomiting can be induced to expel the poison that has combined with the egg. 4. Why is Silver nitrate used in cauterization of wound? - Silver nitrate used in cauterization of wound because it has anti- microbial properties. Silver nitrate cauterizes, burns, on a shallow wound. It can stop a tiny vessels from bleeding and takes up a week to heal. Questions 5. Give the rationale for the following: a. The use of Picric acid in burns - Picric acid is used to treat burns because it is an astringent and an antiseptic. As an astringent it causes contraction of the skin cells surrounding the wound thus encouraging healing. Its antiseptic properties prevent the wound from becoming infected which further encourages healing. b. The used of Tannic acid in diarrhea - Tannic acid used in diarrhea because of its astringency property. It slow the peristaltic movements of the gastrointestinal tracts. It is also a natural bacteriostatic agent. Tannic acid is full of tannins that depending of the botanicals origin change molecules.