Multivariate Data Analysis

Chapter 2 – Examining Your Data

Road Map
 Introduction
 Graphical Examination of the Data
 The Nature of the Variable: Examining the
Shape of the Distribution
 Examining the Relationship Between
Variables
 Examining Group Differences
 Multivariate Profiles
 Summary
Missing Data
 A Simple Example of a Missing Data
Analysis
 Understanding the Reasons Leading to
Missing Data
 Ignorable Missing Data
 Other Types of Missing Data Processes
 Examining the Patterns of Missing Data
 Diagnosing the Randomness of the
Missing Data Process
Missing Data (Cont.)
 Approaches for Dealing with Missing
Data
 Use of Only Observations with Complete
Data
 Delete Case(s) and/or Variable(s)
Outliers
 Detecting Outliers
 Univariate Detection
 Bivariate Detection
 Outlier Designation

 Outlier Description and Profiling

 Retention or Deletion of the Outlier
Outliers (Cont.)
 An Illustrative Example of Analyzing
Outliers
 Univariate and Bivariate Detection
 Multivariate Detection
 Retention or Deletion of the Outliers
Testing the Assumptions of
Multivariate Analysis
 Assessing Individual Variables Versus
the Variate
 Normality
 Graphical Analysis of Normality
 Statistical Tests of Normality
 Remedies for Nonnormality
Testing the Assumptions of
Multivariate Analysis (Cont.)

 Homoscedasticity
 Graphical Tests of Equal Variance
Dispersion
 Statistical Tests for Homoscedasticity
 Remedies for Heteroscedasticity
Testing the Assumptions of
Multivariate Analysis (Cont.)
 Absence of Correlated Errors
 Identifying Correlated Errors
 Remedies for Correlated Errors
 Data Transformations
 Transformations to Achieve Normality and
Homoscedasticity
 Transformations to Achieve Linearity
 General Guidelines for Transformations
Testing the Assumptions of
Multivariate Analysis (Cont.)

 An Illustration of Testing the

Assumptions Underlying Multivariate
Analysis
 Normality
 Homoscedasticity
 Linearity
 Summary