Study of hydraulic transients in

hydropower plants through

simulation of nonlinear model of
penstock and hydraulic turbine
model
0. H. SOUZA JR., N. BARBIERI, A. H. M. SANTOS

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, November

1999
 Renewable energy

Renewable energy is
the energy that is
produced using natural
resources that are
constantly replaced and
never run out.

Source: (ARENA.GOV,2007)
Types of Renewable Energy

Source: (Asean,2018)
 hydropower
Hydropower is generated from
water moving in the hydrological
cycle, which is driven by solar
radiation. Incoming solar
radiation is absorbed at the land
or sea surface, heating the
surface and creating evaporation

Source: (IPCC,2015)
 ¿How it Works?

Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate

electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy
from the turbine into electrical energy.

Source: (WVIC,2018)
 Types of Hydropower
The three main types of hydropower that generates electricity are storage, run of river, and pumped storage
hydropower. However these types share these two steps to generate electricity which we mentioned
already
1.water flows through a canal
2.the forcé of the moving wáter rotates a turbine activating a generator

Source: (greenfuture,2017)
 STORAGE (RESERVOIR)
 Most well known type of hydropower.
Uses a dam to create a massive water
reservoir downstream of a river.
 The generation of electricity can be
controlled by adjusting the water flow
that passes through a turbine from the
reservoir.
Water flow must be higher during times
of high electrical use (peak load) and
lower during times when the minimum
electrical output is required (base load).

Source: (greenfuture,2017)
 RUN OF RIVER TYPE
Doesnt need a storage
reservoir, it uses the natural
current of the river to rotate
the turbines
A separate canal is
contructed to divert some
water flow to generate
electricity
Generates a continous
supply of electricity

Source: (greenfuture,2017)
 PUMPED STORAGE
Two reservoirs are used to use the same supply of water. One reservoir is placed at a higher
elevation and another at a lower elevation. During peak hours of electrical use, the higher
elevated reservoir is opened to allow water to flow through a turbine towards the lower
reservoir

Source: (greenfuture,2017)
 Hydro kinetic hydropower
As water flows through a turbine or other device, the kinetic
energy of the flowing river, tidal fluctuations, or waves is
converted into electricity by the device.

Source: (renewable energy technologies,2012)

 Hydropower generation by region
In the graph below its showed the hydropower generation by region in the 2010

Source: (IPCC,2015)
 RESOURCE POTENTIAL
The annual global technical potential for hydropower generation is 14,576 TWh , in the graph its
showed the potential in terms of annual generation and installed capacity (GW); and current
generation, installed capacity, average capacity factors having in mind the capacity of each
region

Source: (IPCC,2015)
Cycle of hydropower

AC current

Source: (renewable energy technologies,2012)

 Types of Hydropower Turbines
There are two main types of hydro Water turbine - Grand Coulee Dam
turbines: impulse and reaction. The
type of hydropower turbine
selected for a project is based on
the height of standing water—
referred to as "head"and the flow,
or volume of water, at the site.
Other deciding factors include how
deep the turbine must be set,
efficiency, and cost

Source: (energy.gov,2017)
 Impulse turbine
The impulse turbine generally uses
the velocity of the water to move
the runner and discharges to
atmospheric pressure. The water
stream hits each bucket on the
runner. There is no suction on the
down side of the turbine, and the
water flows out the bottom of the
turbine housing after hitting the
runner.

Source: (energy.gov,2017)
 Reaction turbine
A reaction turbine brings power
from the combined action of
pressure and moving water. The
runner is placed directly in the water
stream flowing over the blades
rather than striking each individually.
Reaction turbines are generally used
for sites with lower head and higher
flows than compared with the
impulse turbines.

Source: (energy.gov,2017)
¿HOW MUCH POWER WE CAN OBTAIN?
The maximum electrical power depends upon the amount of power within the
flowing water at that particular point. it is necessary to determine both the flow
rate of the water passing a point in a given time and the vertical head height
through which the water needs to fall. The theoretical power within the water
can be calculated as follows
Power (P) = Flow Rate (Q) x Head (H) x Gravity (g) x Water Density (ρ)

Where Q is in m3/s, H in meters and g is the gravitational constant, 9.81

m/s2 and ρ is the density of water, 1,000kg/m3 or 1,0kg/litre.

Source: (alternative energy,2018)

¿HOW MUCH POWER WE CAN OBTAIN?
Having analyzed previously we can contend that the turbines are not perfect and some input
power is lost within the turbine due to friction and other such inefficiencies. Most modern water
turbines have an efficiency rating of between 80 and 95%, depending upon the
type, reaction or impulse
the effective power of a small scale hydro power system can be given as:

Source: (alternative energy,2018)

Aplicated example in generated power

The Grand Coulee Dam spans the

Columbia River for nearly a full mile,
backing up Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake
reservoir nearly to Canada.
the dam produces a number of 21
billion kilowatt-hours of electricity
annually,
Grand Coulee creates the most
hydroelectric power of any dam in the
U.S

Source: (popular mechanics,2018)

 Study of hydraulic transients in hydropower plants
through simulation of nonlinear model of penstock
and hydraulic turbine model
this work realized by 0. H. Souza Jr., N. Barbieri, A. H. M. Santos analyses the discrete hydraulic
systems with emphasis on hydraulic parameter analysis. the simulation used by them was
developed based on analog mathematical models of transient phenomenon equations and on a
hydro turbine model
Some of the fundamental equations to analyze this investigation are:
Equation of motion:

Equation of continuity
Equation of motion
https://arena.gov.au/about/what-is-renewable-energy/
https://theaseanpost.com/article/tides-are-changing-favour-renewable-energy
http://www.wvic.com/content/how_hydropower_works.cfm
http://greenfuture.info/3-types-hydropower/
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/Chapter%205%20Hydropower.pdf
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/SRREN_FD_SPM_final.pdf
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-turbines
http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/hydro-energy/small-scale-hydro-
power.htmlhttps://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2837/7-most-
serious-dams-us/