A

SEMINAR PRESENTATION
AT
“HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE”
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
CHOUTHMAL JAGA
MR. SUBHASH CHANDER SWAMI
1 (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.)
(H.O.D. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.)
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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Why fuel efficiency is important?
 History of HEV
 Components of HEV
 Modes of operation
 How hybrid saves fuel?
 Advantages
 Commercial model
 Conclusion
 References 3
INTRODUCTION
 Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power is said to be hybrid.
 A Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV) augments an electric vehicle with a second source of
power( alternate power unit- petrol, diesel etc.)
 Combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric
propulsion system.
 A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional
vehicles with the low noise, low exhaust emission.
 Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative
brakes, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the
battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do.
 Provides better mileage and less use of fuel.
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WHY IS FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPORTANT?
 World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises.
 The reserves are decreasing at an alarming rate where as the demand is increasing day by day.
 Fuel price increasing day by day.
 Pollution increasing creating severe impact in the world.

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WHY IS FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPORTANT?
 According to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, there are 1.3 trillion barrels of proven oil reserve left in the
world's major fields, which at present rates of consumption should last 40 years.
 Thus to reduce consumption many mitigating ways and technologies are used.
 As automobile sector uses the most fuel, hence fuel must be used efficiently and should not increase pollution.

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HISTORY OF HEV
 1825
 Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy.
 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h).

 1870
 First electric car was build in Scotland.

 1897
 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower electric motor.
 Could be driven 50 miles between charges.

 1898
 The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-drive.
 Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a generator
7 that provided
power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles.
HISTORY OF HEV
 1900
 US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars.
 In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam.

 1904
 Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor
 Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles.
 Within a few years, the electric vehicles failed. A hybrid combination came in existence.

 1997-99
 Hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by
the Honda Insight in 1999.
 Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, followed by other main car manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid
cars.

 2004
 The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North
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American Auto Show.
 Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S.
The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-
electric hybrid automobile
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COMPONENTS OF HEV
Components used in hybrid electric vehicles are given below:
 Gasoline engine - The engine on a hybrid will be smaller and lighter, and is more efficient than the engine in a
conventional vehicle. Use advanced technologies further reduce emissions.
 Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine.
 Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Electric motor used in hybrid cars are
usually dc series motor since it’s versatile.
 Generator - It acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.
 Power split device –The power split device is a clever gearbox that hooks the internal combustion engine and
D.C.motor together.
 Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. The batteries used in
HEV is Ni-Cd cells since its lighter than the lead acid cells and its also mechanically strong and can stand very
rough use.

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COMPONENTS OF HEV

COMPONENTS OF HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

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 MODES OF OPERATION
Wheel IC Engine Wheel IC Engine

Transmission Generator Battery Transmission Generator Battery

Wheel Motor Wheel Motor

Scenario 1: Low speed - Power is Scenario 2: Braking – Kinetic energy is Scenario 3: High speed – Power is
provided by electric motor using energy converted to electric energy during provided by IC engine and electric
supplied by the DC battery regenerative braking by electric motor motor via generator. Generator also
and supplied to battery. charge battery during high speed.

Wheel IC Engine

Transmission Generator Battery

Wheel Motor

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF MODES OF OPERATION

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HOW HYBRID SAVES FUEL?
 Engine is turned off at:
 Stops
 Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives the
car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in
 When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned off,
Regenerative braking is applied
 When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high or very
low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine.
Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone
 Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

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ADVANTAGES OF HEV

 Use less oil than ICE.

 Emits less CO2 than ICE.
 Fuel efficiency increased.
 Regenerative braking.
 Reduces the size of ICE.
 Quiet operation.

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COMMERCIAL MODELS

 Toyota Prius
 Toyota Highlander
 Toyota Auris Hybrid
 Ford Escape
 Honda Insight
 Honda Civic Hybrid
 Honda Accord Hybrid

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CONCLUSIONS

 Using the concept of hybridization of cars results in better

efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in todays fuel deficit
world.
 A hybrid gives a solution to all problems to some extent.
 Hybrid vehicles promises a practical ,efficient, low
pollution vehicle for the coming era.
 One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar
ones to follow with even better efficiency and
conservation rate are very much on the anvil in todays
energy deficit world.
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