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Pre-stack migration
Depth migration
E-1
E. Seismic data processing - Generic processing flow
Amplitude balancing
Test migration
Test migration
Migration
Stack
Amplitude balancing
E-2
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
Before
deconvolution
After
deconvolution
E-3
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
Reflection coefficients
Deconvolved trace
E-4
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
E-5
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
Definitions
Spike deconvolution
The process of completely removing the wavelet and leaving the
reflection coefficient which is a “spike” in time. This can be viewed
as a destructive interference filter that “interferes” with the wavelet
when it is encountered.
* =
Gap deconvolution
This is a variant on the process of spike deconvolution but, it leaves
the wavelet alone within the width of the “gap” and destructively
interferes with unwanted noise that comes after the wavelet ie.
reverberations.
* =
Gap
E – 5a
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
The problem with spike deconvolution is that it is notorious for boosting the noise
Wavelet
Noise Noise
Amplitude
Amplitude
Signal Signal
Frequency Frequency
E – 5b
E. Seismic data processing - Deconvolution
Definitions
Surface consistent deconvolution
With the trace to trace process of deconvolution as it is normally
applied, it is also adaptive to the noise on the trace giving the
possibility that the statistically derived wavelet is not the “true” signal
in the data. Surface consistent deconvolution derives a single
operator for each shot record and then one for each receiver record
to statistically average out the effect of trace to trace randomness.
E – 5c
E. Seismic data processing - Spherical divergence
E-6
E. Seismic data processing - Spherical divergence
E-7
E. Seismic data processing - Spherical divergence
Spherical spreading
V(t) = V0 + A t
Transmission loss
T=1-R
Shallow section
Wavelet
at 1.0 Sec.
Deep section
Amplitude
Wavelet
at 4.0 Sec.
Frequency
E - 10
E. Seismic data processing - Spherical divergence
Mode conversion
Near Far
offset offset
Gather
Corrected for moveout
E -11
E. Seismic data processing - Gain balancing
Original trace
15 sample AGC
Gain curve
E - 12
E. Seismic data processing - Gain balancing
Original trace
Gain curve
E - 13
E. Seismic data processing - Gain balancing
E - 14
E. Seismic data processing - Gain balancing
E - 15
E. Seismic data processing - Datum statics
Before After
E - 16
E. Seismic data processing - Eliminate direct arrivals
Trace mute
Before After
E - 17
E. Seismic data processing - Multiple attenuation
Multiple
Depth
reflection
Time
Primary
reflections
E - 18
E. Seismic data processing - Multiple attenuation
Migration
E - 19
E. Seismic data processing - Velocity model feedback loop
3D velocity model
No Yes Stack
E - 20
E. Seismic data processing - Velocity model feedback loop
Time
Time
Windows defined
by the moveout
equation
2
2 2
Tx = To + X
Vrms
E - 21
E. Seismic data processing - Velocity model feedback loop
2D profile of a 3D 2D section of a 3D
velocity model migrated data cube
Velocity Model P. Schultz SEG Course, Velocity Models
Cox and Perkins / DDD Energy E - 23
E. Seismic data processing - Prestack migration
Source Receiver
Location Location
Migration noise
E - 25
E. Seismic data processing - Pre-stack migration
Un-migrated Model
E - 26
E. Seismic data processing - Pre-stack migration
Decimated Model
(Every fifth trace)
E - 27
E. Seismic data processing - Pre-stack migration
Migrated Model
(Single offset - 600 feet)
E - 28
E. Seismic data processing - Depth migration
Source Receiver
Low Velocity
High Velocity
Depth Migration
E - 29
E. Seismic data processing - Depth migration
E - 30
E. Seismic data processing - Depth migration
Migration geometry
Depth migration
Footnote on DMO
Recent Developments
F-1
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Four migration options
Pre-stack Post-stack
Pre-stack Post-stack
Time time time
migration migration
Pre-stack Post-stack
Depth depth depth
migration migration
F-2
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Migration geometry
F-3
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Migration geometry
F-4
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Migration geometry
SR SR
Reflector surface
F-5
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Migration geometry
SR
Normal
incidence
travel path
SR SR
Normal
incidence
travel path
Reflector surface
Un-migrated record surface
F-7
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
SR
Trajectory of possible
reflection locations
F-8
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Un-migrated trace
Migrated trace
F-9
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Reflector surface
F - 10
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
SR SR
Diffraction hyperbola
F - 11
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Diffraction hyperbola
F - 12
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Diffraction hyperbola
Migration of a diffraction
by Kirchhoff summation
F - 13
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Un-migrated stack
Migrated stack
F - 14
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Kirchhoff summation
Un-migrated stack
Migrated stack
F - 15
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The problem with stacking
Common Moveout
mid-point Stacked
Common mid-point corrected
gather trace
traces
F - 16
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The problem with stacking
Traces Migrated
in time traces
Common mid Common image Stacked
Common mid-point trace
point point
Image point
window
3D bin size
SR SR
F - 18
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Depth migration
Time migrated
image
(over migrated) High velocity layer
Depth migrated
image
F - 19
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Depth migration
Image ray
Time migrated
image
(over migrated) High velocity layer
Depth migrated
image
F - 20
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Depth migration
6,000’/sec.
6,500’/sec.
12,000’/sec.
7,500’/sec.
8,000’/sec.
V1
V2
Depth
Depth
V3
V4
Depth
Time
Iso-time
contours
F - 23
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Depth migration
Data Courtesy of
CGG
F - 24
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Four migration options
Pre-stack Post-stack
S R
Time
S R
Depth
F - 25
F. Imaging by seismic migration - The Old Migration decision tree
Migrate
the data
?
Yes
Yes Yes
Does the
data stack Yes
?
PSDM
No
Common
mid-point
Common mid-point
gather
Moveout
for the dipping
Event
False high
velocity
Moveout curve
for a flat lying
event
F - 27
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
F - 28
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
Stack point
F - 29
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
Stack point
F - 30
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
F - 31
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Footnote on DMO
F - 32
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Recent Developments
TLE 06//05
S.Pharez et al CGG F - 33
F. Imaging by seismic migration - Recent Developments