Cooperation Based Reliable Routing Protocol

for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

ARIF HUSSAIN
1609-MSEE-003

SUPERVISOR: DR. SAJJAD A. GHAURI

Outline:
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Problem Statement
• Proposed Network
• Objectives
• Application
• Result
Introduction:

• Why underwater?

• Earth is a water planet

• 70% of the Earth is covered by the oceans

• Largely unexplored

• Huge amount resources to discover

Applications:
• Undersea Explorations
• Detect underwater oilfields
• Determine routes for laying undersea cables
• Environmental Monitoring
• Monitoring of ocean currents and winds, for improved weather forecast
• Biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or micro-organisms
• Disaster Prevention
• Measure seismic activity from remote locations provide tsunami warnings to
coastal areas
• Distributed Tactical Surveillance
• AUVs and fixed underwater sensors collaboratively monitor areas for
surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting, and intrusion detection
Challenges of Acoustic Networks:

The challenges are [1]:

• Severely limited bandwidth
• Underwater channels are severely impaired, especially due to multipath and
fading
• Propagation delay is five orders of magnitude higher than Radio Frequency (RF)
• High bit error rates and temporary losses of connectivity (shadow zones) can be
experienced;
• Battery power is limited and usually batteries can not be recharged, also because
solar energy cannot be exploited
• Power absorption and attenuation is high
• Underwater sensors are prone to failures because of fouling and corrosion.
Literature Review:
• In SMIC routing protocol he criteria for the selection of the forwarder node is residual
energy, link quality and nodes’ depth. The whole network is divided into two regions.
Two mobile sinks (MSs) are installed in each region which is used to balance the energy
of the sensor nodes, and also collect the data from the sensor nodes. The DTN received
data in two ways i.e. directly from a Sr node and also from the Rn(s). When the DTN
received noisy data. It requests to the neighbor Rn(s).The Rn(s) amplified the data and
retransmit to the DTN. SMIC protocol performed good for packet delivery ratio, energy
consumption and packet drop. However, it forwards the packets with the high cost
latency.
Literature Review:
Model:
• In CoDBR, the forwarder node is chosen on the basis of the lowest depth. It
checks the bit error rate (BER). Moreover, a cooperation is implied during
forwarding the data packet from a Sr node to the DTN. In orders to forward
the packet, two nearest Rn(s) are used. The DTN received three data copies.
The one copy is from the Sr node, while the other two copies are from the
Rn(s).The threshold T of the BER is0.5. When the data has BER less than or
equal to 0.5, it accepts the data packet. Otherwise, it request to the nearest
Rn. The Rn(s) further retransmit data to the DTN. CoDBR achieves good
result for the PDR and packets drop. However, it has greater latency and
unbalance energy consumption
Problem Statement:

• In non-cooperative underwater wireless sensor network protocols, the packets

delivery ratio (PDR) degraded due to channel effects on information packets.
• In the proposed protocol the cooperation among the destination and relay nodes take
into account which decrease the packets drop ratio and ultimately increases the
packets delivery ratio.
Objective:
• To collect data from the nodes .
• To acquire high data packets on the water surface.
• To improve the network reliability.
• To achieve maximum packet delivery ratio (PDR)
Proposed Methodology: approach:

Proposed Protocol:
• Network Setup Phase
• Relay Node Detection
• Data forwarding
Network Setup Phase:

• Network size = 500m×500m×500m

• Nodes are deployed randomly
• Acoustic waves are used for communication
• Sink nodes are located at the water surface in a
fixed position
Relay Node Detection:
A Hello packet is transmitted by a sender node.

The neighbor shares their information with the sender

Neighbor node depth < sender node depth

The other nodes do not share their information

The sender node retrieve the information

Hello packet format

Data Forwarding:

• The source node checks the best relay node among all neighbors.

• The best relay has a lowest depth as well as lowest destination and Highest
residual energy.

• The weighting function that is used to select the best forwarder among all is
written as:

F = Residual energy / depth×destination

In this case only that node will be selected which has highest residual energy lowest depth
shortest distance
Data Cooperation:
• In this case the sender node forwards the
data to the destination node
• When the destination node received the
erroneous data, it requests to the relay
node
• The relay node acknowledge to the
destination node, and forward the data on
the basis of the destination nodes’ request
• The destination node receives the amplify
version of data from the relay node, and
forward it to the next node
Data Cooperation (Cont):

Ysd = Xshsd+ nsd

Ysr1 = Xshsr1+ nsr1

Yr1d = βYsr1 hr1d+ nr1d

Data Cooperation (Cont):
When a destination node
receives multiple copies of the
same data
 Maximal ratio combining
technique is used [8].
Simulation results
Performance parameters:
Flow Chart:
Algorithm:
Energy Consumption:
Alive Nodes:
End-to-End Delay
Packets Drop
Packets Received
Packet Delivery Ratio
Conclusion:
The noise in underwater threatens the successful transmission
An innovative routing protocol is proposed to cope with this
challenge.
The proposed protocol achieve high PDR
Selects path which has less noise
Implied the MRC technique
The proposed protocol is best for the noise affected area where is a
need of successful transmission such as: Naval warfare, Military
Future Work:
• In Future we will work on our proposed protocol in orders to reduce
the delay problem.
• An opportunistic routing can be applied in orders to more improve
the packer delivery ratio.
• Opportunistic routing consist a set of nodes which combinaly send
and receive the data packet from the neighbour node