4

Violence and
Abuse:
Creating Healthy
Environments

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide

Presentation prepared by

Michael Hall
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Objectives

• Differentiate between intentional and unintentional

injuries.
• Discuss the factors that contribute to homicide, domestic
violence, sexual victimization, and other intentional acts
of violence.
• Explain how terrorism can affect individuals and
populations.
• Discuss strategies to prevent intentional injuries.
• Explain how the campus community, law enforcement,
and individuals can prevent crimes on campuses.
• Discuss the impact of unintentional injuries on American
society.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Violence

• Violence – a set of behaviors that produce injuries

• Intentional injuries – committed with intent to harm
• Unintentional injuries – committed without intent to
harm, usually accidentally

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Violence in the United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

considers violence a form of chronic disease
• In 2003, overall crime rates declined 3.2% lower than
2002
• 70.8% of all deaths among persons aged 10 to 24 stem
from four causes:
• Motor vehicle crashes
• Other unintentional injuries
• Homicide
• Suicide

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.1 Changes in Crime Rates, 1973–2002

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Costs of Violence

• Violence costs the U.S. >$300 billion per year:

• $55.4 billion related to adult crimes of child abuse
• For each juvenile crime there is a $17,000 cost to the
victim, $44,000 cost in the justice system
• Domestic violence against women cost $6 billion

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Figure 4.2 Increasing Costs of Crime Control in the
United States, 1982–2001

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Societal Causes of Violence

• Many factors increase the likelihood of violent acts:

• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Parental influence
• Cultural beliefs
• Media
• Discrimination/oppression
• Religious differences
• Breakdowns in criminal justice system
• Stress
• Heavy use of alcohol and other substances
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Figure 4.3 Correlates to Violence

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Anger

• Anger – spontaneous biological feeling or emotional

state of displeasure that occurs most frequently during
times of personal frustration
• Primary aggression – goal directed, hostile self-
assertion that is destructive in nature
• Reactive aggression – an emotional reaction brought
about by frustrating life experiences

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intentional Injuries

• Gratuitous violence
• Assault/homicide
• Bias and hate crimes:
• Two dimensions:
• The way they are carried out
• Their effects on victims
• Ethnoviolence
• Prejudice
• Discrimination

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Table 4.1 Years of Potential Life Lost (per 100,000)

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Terrorism: Increased Risks from Multiple Sources

• The FBI defines terrorism as the use of unlawful force or

violence against persons or property to intimidate or
coerce a government, the civilian population, or any
segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objectives
• Two major types of terrorism:
• Domestic
• International

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Things You Can Do to Reduce Risk of Terrorism

• Be aware of your own reactions to stress, anxiety, and

fear
• Be conscious of your surroundings
• Stay informed
• Seek understanding
• Seek information
• Know what to do in an emergency

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Domestic Violence

• Domestic violence refers to the use of force to control

and maintain power over another person in the home
environment
• Can include:
• Emotional abuse
• Verbal abuse
• Threats of physical harm
• Physical violence

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Domestic Violence (continued)

• Women as victims:
• 6 out of 10 women in the U.S. will be assaulted by
someone they know
• “Cycle of violence”:
• Tension building
• Acute battering
• Remorse/reconciliation
• Men as victims:
• 12% of men reported that their wives had engaged in
physically aggressive behaviors against them

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Domestic Violence (continued)

• Causes of domestic violence:

• Alcohol abuse
• Marital dissatisfaction
• Lack of communication
• Personality disorders
• Child abuse/neglect
• Child sexual abuse

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Sexual Victimization

• Sexual assault – any act in which one person is sexually

intimate with another person without their consent;
ranges from touching to forceful penetration
• Rape – extreme form of sexual assault, “penetration
without the victim’s consent”
• Aggravated rape – multiple attackers, physical beating,
or weapons
• Simple rape – involves one person, whom the victim
knows; does not involve a physical beating or weapons
• Date rape
• Marital rape
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Figure 4.5 Preventing Personal Assaults

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Figure 4.5 Preventing Personal Assaults (continued)

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Sexual Harassment

• Sexual harassment – unwelcomed sexual advances,

requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical
contact of a sexual nature
• Dealing with sexual harassment:
• Tell the harasser to stop
• Document the harassment
• Complain to a higher authority
• Remember that you have not done anything wrong

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Societal Contributors to Sexual Assault

• Minimization
• Trivialization
• Blaming the victim
• “Boys will be boys”
• Male socialization
• Male attitudes
• Male sexual history and hostility
• Male misperceptions
• Situational factors

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reducing Your Risk

• Self-defense against rape • Always be vigilant

• Taking control: • Use campus escort services
• Speak in a strong voice • Demand a well-lit campus
• Maintain eye contact • Vary your routes
• Remain alert, be confident • Don’t leave bar with friendly
• Recognize ploys used by stranger
attackers: • Let friends/family know
• Request for help where you are going
• Offer of help • Stay close to others
• Guilt trip • Keep windows and doors
• Deliberate accident locked
• Authority

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What to Do if a Rape Occurs

• Call 911
• Do not bathe, shower, clean up, or touch anything the attacker may
have touched
• Do not launder or throw away the clothes you were wearing
• Bring a clean change of clothes to the clinic or hospital
• Contact the rape assistance hotline
• If a friend is raped:
• Believe them
• Recognize that rape is a violent act
• Encourage them to see a doctor as soon as possible
• Encourage them to report the crime
• Be understanding
• Recognize that the emotional recovery is a long process
• Encourage them to seek counseling
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Community Strategies for Preventing Violence

• Educational programs for conflict resolution, coping

skills
• Help individuals develop self-esteem and respect
• Teach children good behaviors
• Enforce policies against discrimination
• Educational programs for family planning
• Increase efforts to identify and help victims of violence
• Improve treatment and support for victims
• Treat psychological as well as physical consequences of
violence
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Unintentional Injuries

• Residential safety:
• Fall-proof your home
• Avoid burns
• Prevent intruders
• Workplace safety:
• Fatal injuries
• Nonfatal work injuries

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Figure 4.6 Do You Have the Right Fire
Extinguisher?

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6