Chapter 11

-5
Rate of Change
Other Kinds of Arrays
Chapter 11
Rate of temperature change, degrees/hour
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Comparison of Double and Single Precision Calculations

18
Sum of the Harmonic Series

16
14
100
12
200
10
300
8
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
6
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Number of steps*1000
MATLAB for Engineers 4E, by Holly Moore. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
-5
Rate of Change
Objectives
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
After studying this chapter, you

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
should be able to:

• Understand the different kinds of data used in
MATLAB
100
• Create and use both numeric and character
200
300
arrays
400
• Create multidimensional arrays, and access
data in those arrays
500
100 200 300 400 500
• Create and use cell and structure arrays
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Section 11.1
Data Types
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• The primary data type (also called

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
a class) in MATLAB is the array or

matrix
100
• Within the array, MATLAB
200
300
supports a number of different
400
500
secondary data types (classes)
• The default is a double precision
100 200 300 400 500
floating point number
MATLAB’s arrays can store
different types of data
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
Kinds of Data Stored in MATLAB Matrices

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Symbolic Objects -
Character Logical Numeric Symbolic Toolbox
100
Integer Floating Point
200
300
400
multiple multiple single double

500
100 200 300 400 500
signed integer unsigned precision precision
types integer types
complex real
There are a variety of array
types to store the data
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
MATLAB Array Types
time, hour
Character Logical Numeric Symbolic Cell Structure

Arrays Arrays Arrays Arrays Arrays Arrays
Most of these
arrays can
100
200
Integer Floating Point
300
only hold
400
information of
500
100 200
one data type
300 400 500
multiple multiple single double
signed unsigned precision precision
integer types integer types
Cell and Structure arrays can

Other types, including user store
This material is is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the different
publisher types reproduction,
prior to any prohibited of data in thein a retrieval system,
storage
or transmission in anydefined and JAVA types
form or by any means, electronic,
same array
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• The difference between array

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
types and data types may be

confusing
100
200
• Consider the following analogy
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
There are lots of different places you
could store your wealth
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
They
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
correspond
to the
array types
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
There are lots of different kinds of
-5
Rate of Change
wealth you might store in a bank

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
They
correspond to
the data types
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Numeric Data Types
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• Numeric data is stored in numeric

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
arrays
time, hour
• The default data type is double

precision floating point
100
• Every time you enter a number into
200 MATLAB, the program assumes
300
400
you’ve entered a double
500
100 200 300 400 500
• MATLAB conforms to the IEEE
standards that specify the meaning of
the double data type
When you define numeric
-5
Rate of Change
values they default to doubles

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Each value in a double

array needs 8 bytes of
memory to store
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
There are 6 values in the C
-2
-1.5
-1
array – therefore it requires
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
6 x 8 = 48 bytes of memory
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Value limitations
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• The biggest number you can store

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
in a double can be found using

the realmax function
100
200
• The smallest number you can
300
400
store in a double can be found
500
100 200 300 400 500
using the realmin function
Single Precision floating
point numbers
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Uses half the storage space of a

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
double
• Each value requires
100
200
• 4 bytes = 32 bits
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
The grid symbol indicates a numeric
200 array – double, single or integer
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500 It’s necessary to use the
single function to change
the value of 5 (which is a
double by default) into a
single
-5
Rate of Change Value limitations
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• Since single precision numbers are

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
allocated only half as much storage

space, they can not cover as large a
range of values as double numbers
100 • The biggest number you can store in a
200
single can be found using the
realmax(‘single’) function
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• The smallest number you can store in a
double can be found using the
realmin(‘single’) function
• Engineers will rarely
Rate of Change
need to convert to
single precision
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
numbers, because
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• today’s computers
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
have plenty of
storage space for
most applications,
• and will execute
100 most of the
200
problems we pose in
extremely short
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
amounts of time
When would you use the short data
-5
Rate of Change
type instead of double values?

-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• In some numerical analysis

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
applications you may be able to

improve the run time of a long
100
problem by changing from double
to single precision
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• However, round off error becomes
more of a problem.
Consider the harmonic
series
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
1/1 1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 4 1/ 5 1/ 6  ... 1/ n + ...

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour


100 n 1
1 / n Shorthand for the harmonic series
200
300
400
This series diverges -it just keeps getting
500
bigger the more terms you add

100 200 300 400 500
For large numbers of steps the results
are different using double and single
Rate of Change
data types
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Comparison of Double and Single Precision Calculations

18
double
Sum of the Harmonic Series
16
14
100
single
200
12
300
10
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
8
6
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Number of steps*1000
-5
Rate of Change Why?
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• When the series gets big enough the

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
value of 1/n is so small that the

computer can’t distinguish it from 0
• This occurs at the value of realmin
100
200
300
• Since doubles can differentiate
400
500
between smaller numbers than singles
the summation is valid for more steps
100 200 300 400 500
Each of these
types require a
-5
Rate of Change Integers different amount
of storage
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• Integer arrays are new to MATLAB 7

-1.5
-1
-0.5
• Integers are stored in integer arrays

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
MATLAB Integer Types

8-bit signed Remember
int8 that unsigned
8-bit 8 bits = 1integer
byte uint8
integer
100
200
16-bit signed int16 16-bit unsigned uint16
300
integer integer
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
integer integer
integer integer
You can determine the number of
possible values allowed in the
Rate of Change
integer data type

-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Each of the integer types uses a

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
different amount of storage, and

can thus save different ranges of
100
values
• Determine the size range using
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• intmax and intmin
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change
When do we use integers
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• Integer arrays can be used to store

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
image information
• These arrays are often very large, but
there are a limited number of colors
100
used in many of these images to
create the picture.
200
300
• Storing them as unsigned integer

400
500
100 200 300 400 500
arrays reduces the storage

requirement dramatically.
-5
Rate of Change Complex numbers
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Default is double
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• Twice as much storage is needed

because the real and imaginary
100
200
components must be stored
300
400
• Could also be stored as a single
500
100 200 300 400 500
or integer
-5
Rate of Change Character and String Data
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Character arrays store character

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
information
• A character array is produced
100
200
from a string
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Each character is a separate

element in the array
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
The fifth element of the H array is the

letter y
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Any string represents a character

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
array in MATLAB
• Each character requires 2 bytes of
100
200
storage
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
The ‘ab’ symbol indicates a

100
character array
200
Spaces are characters too
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
How are characters stored in
MATLAB?
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• All information in computers is

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
stored using a series of zeros and

ones
• ASCII – Used in small computers
• EBCDIC – Used in mainframes and
100
200
super computers
300
400
• You can think of this list of 0’s and

500
100 200 300 400 500
1’s as a base two number
Comparison between base 2
and base 10
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
Base 2 ”binary”
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Base 10
”decimal”
time, hour
1 1
10 2
100
11 3
200
100 4
300
400 101 5
500
100 200 300 400 500
110 6
111 7
1000 8
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Every character stored using ASCII or

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
EBCDIC code has both a binary

representation and a decimal
equivalent
• When we ask MATLAB to change a
100
200
character to a double, the number we

300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
get is the decimal equivalent in the

ASCII coding system
MATLAB includes functions
to change data types
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Use the double

function to convert to a
double precision
floating point number
100
200
300
Use char to convert a
400
number to a character
500
100 200 300 400 500
You shouldn’t mix data types
-5
Rate of Change
in calculations or in arrays
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
If you attempt to create

an array with both Notice that the ans array
100 character and numeric has two characters
200
data, the array defaults
300
to all characters
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
There is no character
equivalent to 3, so
MATLAB adds a space
to the array
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, hour
3 3.5 4 4.5 5
If you try to perform
arithmetic with a
combination of
character and numeric
data, MATLAB converts
the character to its
100
decimal equivalent
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Remember that a has a
decimal equivalent of
97
-5
Rate of Change Symbolic Data
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Covered in more detail in a

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
separate chapter
• The symbolic toolbox uses
100
200
symbolic data to perform symbolic
300
400
algebraic calculations
500
100 200 300 400 500
• Create a symbolic variable using

the sym function
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
The cube symbol

100 indicates a symbolic
200
array
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Symbolic variables can be grouped

into arrays, just like other data types
-5
Rate of Change Logical Data Types
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Logical data can have only one of

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
two values
• True
100
• False
200
300
400
• MATLAB uses
• 0 to represent false and
500
100 200 300 400 500
• 1 to represent true
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Although a logical array contains the The check mark

information true and false, MATLAB indicates a logical array
100
represents it as 0 and 1
200
300
400 We don’t usually create logical arrays

500
100 200 300 400 500 by entering true and false values.
Usually they are the result of logical
operations
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Notice that x and y are

100
We can interpret this result to mean numeric arrays and z is a
200
that x>y is false for elements 1 and 3, logical array
300 and true for elements 2,3 and 5
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
These arrays are used in logical

functions, and are not usually even
seen by the user.
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
In this example the find command used

the result of the comparison x>y to
determine that elements 2, 3, and 4 met
the criteria
-5
Rate of Change Sparse Arrays
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Both double precision arrays and

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
logical arrays can be stored in either

full matrices, or as sparse matrices.
• Sparse matrices are “sparsely
populated”, meaning many or most of
100
200
the values in the array are zero

300
400
• Identity matrices are examples of sparse

500
100 200 300 400 500
matrices
Sparse matrices require less space
than the corresponding numeric or
logical matrices
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• If we store sparse arrays in the full

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
matrix format, it takes 8 bytes of

storage for every data value,
whether they are zeros or not
• The sparse matrix format only
100
200
300
400
stores the non-zero values, and
remembers where they are
500
100 200 300 400 500
• this strategy saves a lot of space
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
N is a 1000x1000 identity
Compare the size of N and P
matrix
100
200
300
P is the same matrix, stored
400
using the sparse strategy
500
100 200 300 400 500
Section 11.2
Multidimensional Arrays
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Sometimes you may want to store

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
data in multidimensional arrays

• Rows
100
• Columns
200
300
400
• Pages
500
100 200 300 400 500
• Additional dimensions are possible
Multidimensional arrays are
grouped into pages
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
columns
100
200
300
rows pages
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
Page 1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Page 2
100
200
300
Page 3
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Page 4 Imagine that you

would like to store
each of these 4 two-
dimensional arrays
into 1 three-
dimensional array
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
You must define each page

200
300
400
separately. Read the first
500
100 200 300 400 500
definition statement as
“all the rows, all the
columns, in page 1”
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Section 11.3
Creating Character Arrays
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• We can create two dimensional

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
character arrays only if the

number of elements in each row is
100
the same
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
This statement doesn’t work, because

the number of characters in each line
is different
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
The char functions “pads” the array with

blanks. Notice that the array size is 6
100
rows by 7 columns
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Character arrays can store any of the

characters defined in the ASCII coding
scheme – including the symbols for
numbers
Character arrays can only
hold character data
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• We can take advantage of this to

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
create tables that look like they

include both character and
100
numeric information, but really are
composed of just characters
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• The number 1 is different from the
character 1
Let’s combine an array of
test scores and names
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Test scores • Names

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• 98 • Holly
• 84 • Steven
• 73 • Meagan
• •
100
200 88 David
• •
300
400
95 Michael
• 100 • Heidi
500
100 200 300 400 500
Numeric information Character information
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Notice that table is a

character array
100
200
300
When we tried to store the
400
two different data types into
500
100 200 300 400 500
the same array, MATLAB
interpreted the numbers as
the ASCII equivalent of
characters
-5
Rate of Change num2str
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• In order to store the two different

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
data types in the same array, we’ll

need to convert the numbers into
100
the corresponding characters
• num2str
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
The num2str function converted
the array of scores into the
corresponding characters
-5
Rate of Change Creation of file names
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• A useful application of character

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
arrays and the num2str function

is the creation of file names
100
• There are occasions when you
200
may want to save data into .dat or
.mat files, but you don’t know
300
400
ahead of time how many files will

500
100 200 300 400 500
be required my_data1.dat
my_data2.dat
my_data3.dat
Etc.
-5
Rate of Change For example….
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Load a file of unknown size called

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
some_data
• Create a number of new files, one
100
200
for each column from the input file
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Input and Output
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
Output files
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Data from input file
time, hour
Data in File1
Data in File2
1 2 3 1 Data in File3
2
4 5 6 4 3
100
5
200
7 8 9 7 6
8
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
10 11 12 10 9
11
12
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
Load the input file

Determine the
number of rows
and columns
100
200
Extract the
300
data
400
Create the file
names
500
100 200 300 400 500
Save the data

into the new
files
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Section 11.4
Cell Arrays
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• The cell array can store different

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
types of data inside the same

array
100
200
• Each element in the array is also
300
400
an array
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200 These three arrays all store

300
different data types
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Create a cell array using curly braces
-5
Rate of Change Indexing
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• The indexing system used for cell

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
arrays is the same as that used in

other arrays.
• You may either use a single index, or a
100
row and column indexing scheme.
• There are two approaches to retrieving
200
300
information from cell arrays.

400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• Parentheses – results in a description

• Curly braces – results in the values
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
To access a particular element inside an

array stored in a cell array, you must use
a combination of curly braces and
parentheses
Section 11.5
Structure Arrays
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Similar to Cell Arrays

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• Multiple arrays of differing data

types can be stored in structure
100
200
arrays
300
400
• Instead of using content indexing
500
100 200 300 400 500
each of the matrices is given a

location called a field
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
This is still a 1x1
300 structure array –
400
however it has three
500
100 200 300 400 500
fields
This structure array (struct)

contains three fields
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
We can add more content to the
500
100 200 300 400 500
structure, and expand its size, by
adding more matrices to the
fields we’ve defined.
You can access the
information using…
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Matrix name
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• Field name
• Index numbers
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
Just calling the matrix name
300
returns a description of the
400 array
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
You can access the actual arrays you’ve

stored in the structure by using an index
number to identify which set of data you’re
interested in
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
You can use the field name to access
200 just the data in certain fields. This
300
example returns the arrays in the first
400
field of each member of the structure
500
100 200 300 400 500
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
Combining an index number and

100 200 300 400 500
the field name allows you to

access one particular array
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
100
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
Finally, if you want to know the content of one

particular element in a field you must specify
the element index number after the field
name. MATLAB for Engineers 4E, by Holly Moore. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
-5
Rate of Change Variable Editor
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• You can use the

-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
variable editor to
access the
content of a
100
structure array
• Double click the
200
300
400
500
structure array
name in the
100 200 300 400 500
workspace
window
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• If you double click on one of the

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
elements of the structure in the

variable editor, the editor expands
100
to show you the contents of that
element
200
300
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
-5
Rate of Change Summary
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• MATLAB’s primary data structure is

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
the array
• MATLAB supports a number of
different array types, each of which
100
200 can store a particular type of data

300
400
500
• Cell and structure arrays can store
more than one data type in the same
100 200 300 400 500
array
-5
Rate of Change Summary-Data Type
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• MATLAB supports the following data

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
types
• Numeric
• double
100
• single
200
300
• 8 different types of integers
• Character
400
500
100 200 300 400 500
• Symbolic
• Logical
-5
Rate of Change Summary - Array Types
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
• Numeric
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
• double
• single
• 8 different integer arrays
• Character
• Symbolic
100
200
300
400
• Logical
500
100 200 300 400 500 • Sparse
• Cell
• Structure
Summary –
Multidimensional Arrays
Rate of Change
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
• Additional dimensions can be

-1
-0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time, hour
stored in MATLAB arrays

• The third dimension is called a
100
200
page
300
400
• Each page must be entered
500
100 200 300 400 500
separately as a two-dimensional
array

Chapter 11

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 11

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

-5

Comparison of Double and Single Precision Calculations

Sum of the Harmonic Series

After studying this chapter, you

should be able to:

• Create and use cell and structure arrays

• The primary data type (also called

a class) in MATLAB is the array or

floating point number

Kinds of Data Stored in MATLAB Matrices

multiple multiple single double

Character Logical Numeric Symbolic Cell Structure

Cell and Structure arrays can

• The difference between array

types and data types may be

wealth you might store in a bank

• Numeric data is stored in numeric

• The default data type is double

values they default to doubles

Each value in a double

• The biggest number you can store

in a double can be found using

• Uses half the storage space of a

• Since single precision numbers are

allocated only half as much storage

type instead of double values?

• In some numerical analysis

applications you may be able to

1/1 1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 4 1/ 5 1/ 6  ... 1/ n + ...

bigger the more terms you add

Comparison of Double and Single Precision Calculations

• When the series gets big enough the

value of 1/n is so small that the

• Integer arrays are new to MATLAB 7

• Integers are stored in integer arrays

MATLAB Integer Types

integer data type

• Each of the integer types uses a

different amount of storage, and

• Integer arrays can be used to store

• Storing them as unsigned integer

arrays reduces the storage

• Twice as much storage is needed

• Character arrays store character

Each character is a separate

The fifth element of the H array is the

• Any string represents a character

The ‘ab’ symbol indicates a

• All information in computers is

stored using a series of zeros and

• You can think of this list of 0’s and

1’s as a base two number

• Every character stored using ASCII or

EBCDIC code has both a binary

character to a double, the number we

get is the decimal equivalent in the

Use the double

If you attempt to create

• Covered in more detail in a

• Create a symbolic variable using

The cube symbol

Symbolic variables can be grouped

• Logical data can have only one of