UPPER RESPIRATORY

TRACT INFECTIONS
Anjitha Maria Joseph
 INTRODUCTION
 The upper respiratory tract is defined as the airways that
start at the nose and mouth and extend down to the
trachea.
 It includes:

Nasal Cavity and Sinuses

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx
 URTI
Upper respiratory tract
infections (URTI) are illnesses
caused by an acute infection which
involves the upper respiratory tract.
 RHINITIS
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of
the mucous membrane inside the nose.
ETILOGY
 Viral
Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses ,influenzaviruses, adenoviruses
human parainfluenza Viruses, human respiratory syncytial
virus
 Bacterial
Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella
catarrhalis
 Clinical features

 stuffy and runny nose

 sneezing

 post-nasal drip

 nasal itching

 Headache

 Red,itchy ,Watery eyes

 PHARYNGITIS
 Pharyngitis is defined as inflammation of the pharynx,
which typically results in sore throat and fever.

o ETILOGY

VIRAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL

Adenovirus Streptococcus pyogenes Candida
albicans
Epstein–Barr virus Haemophilus influenzae
Herpes simplex virus Bacillus anthracis
Rhinovirus Chlamydophila pneumoniae
 Clinical features

 Sore throat
 Fever

 Runny nose
 Cough

 Headache

 Hoarse voice
 SINUSITIS
 Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis,
is inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the sinuses,
resulting in symptoms.

 ETILOGY
VIRAL BACTERIAL FUNGAL
Rhinoviruses Staphylococcus aureus Mucormycosis

Coronaviruses Streptococci species

Influenza viruses

Human parainfluenza viruses

 CLINICAL FEATURES

 Headache

 Facial pain and tenderness

 Thick nasal discharge that is usually green in color

and may contain pus (purulent) and/or blood.

 Nasal swelling ad congestion

 Low grade fever

 OTITIS MEDIA
Otitis media is a painful type of ear infection in which
the middle ear becomes inflamed and infected.
ETIOLOGY
VIRAL BACTERIAL
Respiratory syncytial virus Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Rhinoviruses Haemophilus influenzae
Influenza viruses Moraxella catarrhalis
 Clinical Features

 Ear pain

 Fever

 Irritability

 Nasal discharge

 Discharge from the ear

 COMMON COLD
The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious
disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose.

ETIOLOGY

 VIRAL

 Rhinovirus(most common)
 Human coronavirus
 Influenza viruses
 Adenoviruses
 Respiratory syncytial virus
 Clinical Features

 Cough  Muscle ache

 Runny nose  Fatigue

 Nasal congestion  Headache

 Sore throat  Loss of appetite

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 RISK FACTORS OF URTI

 Immunocompromised state.

 Anatomical abnormalities .

 Physical or close contact with someone with an upper

respiratory infection

 Poor hand washing after contact with the infected patient

 Contact with groups of individuals in a closed setting

 Smoking or second-hand smoking

 COMPLICATIONS

 Rheumatic Heart  Exacerbation of

Disease Asthama

 Acute  Hypertrophy of
Glomerulonephritis Tonsils

 Sepsis  Aphonia

 Meningitis  Epistaxis
 DIAGNOSIS
 Physical examination

Laboratory tests
 Physical examination
 Swollen and redness
inside wall of the nasal
cavity
 Redness of the throat
 Enlargement of the tonsils
 White secretions on the
tonsils (exudates)
 Fever
 Enlarged lymph nodes around
the head and neck
 Redness of the eyes
 Facial tenderness
 Bad breath
 Cough
 Voice hoarseness
 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

BLOOD CULTURE

SPUTUM CULTURE

X RAYS OF THE NECK

CT SCAN
 PREVENTION
 Stopping the spread of infection
 Proper hand washing

 Sneezing and coughing into tissues.

 Vaccinations
 Vaccination against influenza viruses ,adenoviruses ,measles

rubella, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria pertussis etc may help prevent it.

 Quit smoking
 TREATMENT

NSAIDs Corticosteroids

Antihistamines  Antibiotics

 Aantitussives  Antivirals

Bronchodialators