Teaching

Teaching
And
And
Curriculu
Curriculum
m
Design
Design
By Dian Pranesti
Teaching & Curriculum Des
Goa & teachers and
To help
learners to get the best
l out of a course
More The whole curriculum design
process can be applied to
Speci something as small as an
fic activity in a lesson.
• How the parts of the curriculum
design model apply to the daily
Applic work of teachers in language
ation classes
• Relate to a part of a lesson
in could be improved by
Daily curriculum design process
Model of Curriculum
Design Process
Principles

Evaluation

en t &

Fo sen
g

Pr
c in

rm tat
Se nten

at ion
&
qu
Co
Goal

Monitoring &
Assessing
Needs Environment
Environment
Analysis Analyze
Analyzethe
thenature
natureof
oflearner,
learner,the
theteachers
teachersan
anthe
the
teaching
teachingsituation.
situation.
To
Tomake
makesure
surethat
thatwhat
whathappens
happensisislikely
likelyto
tobe
besuccessful
successful
because
becauseitittakes
takesaccount
accountof
oflocal
localsituation.
situation.

•• Will
Willthis
thisactivity
activitybe
beinteresting
interestingenough
enoughfor formy
mylearners?
learners?
•• Do
DoI Ihave
haveenough
enoughtime
timetoto dodothis
thisactivity?
activity?Will
Willititbe
betoo
toonoisy?
noisy?
•• Do
Dothe
thelearners
learnersknow
knowhowhowto todo
dothis
thiskind
kindof
ofactivity
activity
or
orwill
willI Ihave
havetotoexplain
explainititto
tothem?
them?

Dare
Dareto
tochange.
change.
Work
Workwithin
withinor
orovercoming
overcomingconstraints
constraints

Experience
Experienceisisadvantageous,
advantageous,butbutdon’t
don’tjust
justdepend
dependto
toitit
Analysis
Needs
Necessities,
Necessities,lacks
lacksand
andwants.
wants.

Finding
Findingwhat
whatthe
thelearners
learnersknow
knownow,
now,what
whatthey
theyneed
needto
to
know
knowby
bythe
theend
endand
andwhat
whatthey
theywant
wantto
toknow.
know.

•• IsIsthe
thematerial
materialtoo
toodifficult
difficultfor
forlearners?
learners?
•• IsIsthere
theresomething
somethingnewnewfor
forthe
thelearners
learnersto
tolearn
learnininthis
thisactivity?
activity?
•• Will
Willeveryone
everyoneininthis
thisclass
classbe
beable
ableto
tocope
copewith
withthis
this
activity?
activity?


Good
Goodneed
needanalysis
analysismust
mustbebereliable,
reliable,valid
validand
andpractical
practical

Combine
Combineintuitions
intuitionsand
andresearch
research
Use
Usetechnology
technology(web
(webbased
basedtools,
tools,application,
application,etc)
etc)
Principles
Guidance
Guidanceof
ofthe
thechoice
choiceof
ofwhat
whatto toteach
teachand
andhow
how
to
tosequence
sequenceitit

Get
Getinto
intothe
thedecision
decisionof
ofguidance
guidanceand
andsteps
stepson
onteaching
teaching

•• Will
Willthisthisbe
beaagood
goodactivity
activityto
tothe
thelearners?
learners?
•• Are
Aretheytheydoing
doingenough
enoughreading?
reading?
•• IsIsititgood
goodto toget
getlearners
learnersmemorize
memorizewords
wordsand
andphrases?
phrases?
•• Should
ShouldI Ido dothe
thesame
sameactivity
activityagain?
again?
•• Should
Shouldmy mylearners
learnersbebedoing
doinghomework?
homework?


Look
Lookatatsome
someresources
resourcesofofteaching
teachingand
andlearning
learning
Different
Differentsituation
situationneeds
needsdifferent
differentapproach
approach

Attend
Attendconferences,
conferences,workshops,
workshops,check
checkthe
theprofessional
professional
journal
journalto
toupdate
update
Goal Why
Whyaalesson
lessonisisbeing
beingtaught
taughtand
andwhat
whatlearners
learners
need
needtotoget
getfrom
fromitit

Set
Setlearning
learninggoals
goals::short
shortterm
termor
orlong
longterm
term

•• IsIsthis
thisactivity
activityresulting
resultingany
anyuseful
usefullearning?
learning?
•• What
Whatcondition
conditionisisexpected?
expected?What
Whatsign
signto
toappear?
appear?
•• IsIsthe
thetechnique
techniqueused
usedresulted
resultedgood
goodproduct?
product?
•• What
Whatisisthe
theproduct?
product?

Check
Checkthe
thetechnique
techniqueanalysis
analysis

Mind
Mindthat
thatthe
thedesign
designofoftechnique
technique(feature)
(feature)sets
setsup
up
certain
certainconditions
conditionswhich
whichencourage
encouragethe
thelearners
learnersto
to
reach
reachcertain
certainlearning
learninggoals
goals
Sequencing Language
Languageitems,
items,ideas,
ideas,skills
skillsand
andstrategies
strategiesthat
that
Content &
meet
meetthe
thegoals
goalsof
ofthe
thelearning
learning
Set
Setwhat
whatwill
willbe
beininthe
thelesson
lessonand
andthe
theorder
orderininwhich
whichitit
will
willoccur
occur

•• What
Whatreading
readingpassage
passagewill willI Iuse?
use?What
Whatvocabulary
vocabularyto tofocus
focuson?
on?
•• Which
Whichitems
itemsshall
shallI Iuse
usefor
forthethefill
fillthe
theblanks
blanksactivity?
activity?
•• How
Howcan
canI Irepeat
repeatthe
thelanguage
languageitemsitemsfrom
fromprevious
previouslesson?
lesson?
•• What
Whattopics
topicstototalk
talkabout
aboutinindiscussion?
discussion?

Make
Makethe thedecision
decisionbased
basedononthe
thegoal
goal

Balance
Balancethe
thelanguage-focus
language-focuslearning
learningand
andcontent-based
content-based
learning
learning(apply
(applyseveral
severalprinciples)
principles)
Following
Followingtheme?
theme?Keep
Keepthe
thelearners
learnersinterested?
interested?
Presentation The
Thepresentation
presentationand
andthe
theform
formof
ofmaterial
material
Format &

The
Thegood
goodand
andwell-planned
well-plannedformat
formatand
andpresentation
presentation

•• What
Whatactivities
activitieswill
willI Iget
getthe
thelearners
learnerstotododotoday?
today?
•• Shall
Shallthe
thelearners
learnersdodothis
thisindividually,
individually,ininpairs
pairsor
orgroups?
groups?
•• Use
Usethe
theboard?
board?Multimedia?
Multimedia?Handout?
Handout?
•• Have
HaveI Igot
gotaagood
goodbalance
balanceofofactivities?
activities?

Apply
Applyseveral
severalprinciples
principles
Class
Classarrangement
arrangement

Interesting
Interestinghandout,
handout,presentation
presentationandandexplanation
explanation

Various
Variousactivities
activities
 Measuring
Measuringand
andtesting.
testing.
Monitoring &
Assessment

To
Tohave
haveuseful
usefulgoals,
goals,achieve
achieveits itsgoals,
goals,satisfies
satisfiesthe
theusers,
users,all
all
ininefficient
efficientways
ways

•• IsIsthis
thisactivity
activitygoing
goingwell?
well?
•• Are
Arethe
thelearners
learnersparticipating
participatingininthe
theactivity?
activity?
•• Have
Havethetheleaners
leanerslearnt
learntanything
anythingfrom
fromthis
thisactivity?
activity?
•• Should
Shouldthethetest
testbe
bedone?
done?

DoDoregular
regulartest
testand
andassessment
assessment
Informal
Informalmonitoring
monitoring

Check
Checkthe
theresult
resultof
ofmonitoring
monitoringandandassessment
assessmentfor
for
future
futureimprovement
improvement
Evaluat
ion The
Thestate
stateof
ofeffectiveness
effectivenessand
andgoodness
goodness
of
ofthe
thelesson
lesson
To
Tomake
makejudgement
judgementwhether
whetherthe thecourse
courseor
or
some
someaspects
aspectsof
ofititisisgood
goodor
ornot.
not.
•• IsIsthe
thecourse
coursegoing
goingwell?
well?Did
Didtoday’s
today’slesson
lessongo
gowell?
well?
•• Are
Arethe
thelearners
learnersand
andteachers
teachershappy
happywith
withthe
thecourse?
course?
•• Would
Wouldotherotherteachers
teachersthink
thinkthat
thatthis
thiscourse
courseisisaagood
goodcourse?
course?
•• Can
CanI Isee
seeways
waysofofimprovement?
improvement?
•• Will
WillI Iget
getthrough
throughthethecourse
coursebook
bookbybythe
theend?
end?


Regular
Regularevaluation
evaluationwith
withvalid
validand
andreliable
reliablequestions
questions

Appreciate
Appreciateboth
bothteachers
teachersand
andlearners
learnersopinions
opinions

Use
Useprofessional
professionaldevelopment
developmentanalyst
analyst
Up
Update
datethe
theknowledge
knowledgeof ofcurriculum
curriculumdesign
design
Curriculum Design and
“Public
“Public Learn
Learnthrough
throughclassroom
classroomand
andalso
alsostudying
studyingalone
aloneor
or
taking
takingresponsibility
responsibilityfor
fortheir
theirown
ownlearning.
Learner Autonomy
Domain & & learning.
Domain
Private
Private
Domain”
Domain” Crabe
Crabesuggest
suggestthese
thesetwo
twomajor
majorways
waysininwhich
which
Crabe(1993)
Crabe (1993) learners
learnerscan
canbe
beencouraged
encouragedto totake
takethis
this
responsibility
responsibility––through
throughclassroom
classroomdiscussion
discussionabout
about
learning
learningtasks
tasks(their
(theirgoals,
goals,why
why they
theyarearedone
doneinin
certain
certainwyas,
wyas,signs
signsof
oflearning,
learning,necessary
necessary
conditions
conditionsofoflearning,
learning,etc),
etc),and
andthrough
throughthe theuse
useofof
tasks
tasksthat
thatmodel
modelthethesorts
sortsofofthings
thingsthat
thatlearners
learners
could
couldusefully
usefullydodoalone
aloneororwithout
withoutthetheneed
needfor for
teacher
teacherguidance
guidance(Cotteral,
(Cotteral,1995)
1995)

Aware
Awareways
waysthat
thatthe
theparts
partsofofthe
thecurriculum
curriculumdesign
designprocess
processcan
can
affect
affectcommon
commonclassroom
classroomissues.
issues.