STEAM TURBINES

steam turbines
mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and transforms it into mechanical work;
extract the maximum quantity of energy from the working
fluid, to convert it into useful work with maximum
efficiency;
parts of a steam turbine

GOVERNOR
SHROUDS
TURBINE ROTORS
BLADES
COUPLINGS
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• Disc
HighType
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Pressure
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• Drum
Intermediate
Type RotorsPressure (IP) blades
• Low impulse
Pressureturbine
(LP) blades
reaction turbine
• Stationary Blades
• Twisted Blades
how turbines work
depends upon the dynamic action of the steam;
 classification of turbines
Impulse Turbine Back Pressure or Topping
Impulse-Reaction Turbine Turbine
Axial Flow Turbine Single Cylinder
Radial Flow Turbine Multi-Cylinder
Tangential Flow Turbine Single Flow
Single Pressure Turbine Double Flow
Mixed or Dual Pressure Turbine Reversed Flow
Reheated Turbine Tandem Compound
Pass-out Turbine Cross Compound
Regenerative Turbine Constant Speed Turbines
Condensing Turbine Variable Speed Turbines
Non-Condensing Turbine
principle of operation direction of flow means of heat supply means of heat rejection no. of cylinders general steam flow no. of shaft rotational speed
impulse turbines
the complete expansion of steam from the steam chest
pressure to the exhaust pressure or condenser pressure
takes place only in one set of nozzles;

this type of turbine is generally employed where

relatively small power is needed and where the rotor
diameter is kept fairly small;

the pressure drops across the stationary blades

impulse-reaction turbines
the fixed blades which are set in a reversed
manner compared to the moving blades,
corresponds to nozzles mentioned in connection
with the impulse turbine

steam is admitted for the

whole circumference and
hence there is all-round or
complete admission
compounding
is a method for reducing the rotational speed of the
impulse turbine to practical limits;
reduce friction losses that could affect the steam
turbine’s efficiency;

types:
(a) Pressure-compounded impulse turbine
(b) Velocity-compounded impulse turbine
(c) Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbine
pressure-compounded impulse turbine
the compounding is done for pressure of steam only;

splitting up the whole pressure drop from the

steam chest pressure to the condenser pressure
into a series of smaller pressure drop across
several stages of impulse turbine
velocity-compounded impulse turbine
the compounding is done for velocity of steam only;

drop in velocity is arranged in many small drops

through many moving rows of blades instead of a
single row of moving blades.
pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbine
combination of pressure and velocity compounding

in each wheel or rotor, velocity drops (drop in velocity

is achieved by many rows of moving blades hence it is
velocity compounded);
two sets of nozzles in which whole pressure drop takes
place (whole pressure drop has been divided in small
drops, hence it is pressure-compounded);
steam turbine vs. steam engine
• It requires less space.
• Absence of various links such as piston, piston rod, cross head etc. make
the mechanism simple. It is quiet and smooth in operation,
• Its over-load capacity is large.
• It can be designed for much greater capacities as compared to steam
engine. Steam turbines can be built in sizes ranging from a few horsepower
to over 200,000 horsepower in single units.
• The internal lubrication is not required in steam turbine. This reduces to the
cost of lubrication.
• In steam turbine the steam consumption does not increase with increase in
years of service.
• In steam turbine power is generated at uniform rate, therefore, flywheel is
not needed.
• It can be designed for much higher speed and greater range of speed.
• The thermodynamic efficiency of steam turbine is higher.
steam turbine capacity
small turbines and coupled generators=500 to 7500 kW
large turbo alternators= 10 to 90 mW
very large size units= up to 500 mW

steam consumption by steam turbines depends upon

steam pressure, and temperature at the inlet, exhaust
pressure number of bleeding stages
generator kW
turbine kW =
generator efficiency
steam turbine performance

• The steam flow process through the unit-expansion line or condition

curve.
• The steam flow rate through the unit.
• Thermal efficiency.
• Losses such as exhaust, mechanical, generator, radiation etc.

• Variation in heat produced due to varying amounts of fuel

burnt according to changing loads.
• Fluctuation in quantity of excess air.
• Variation in moisture content and temperature of air
entering the furnace.
• Variation in temperature of feed water.
• The varying condition of cleanliness of heat absorbing
surface.
steam turbine testing

• Power
• Valve setting
• Speed regulation
• Over speed trip setting
• Running balance.

• Steam pressure and temperature at throttle valve of turbine.

• Exhaust steam pressure and temperature.
• Number of bleedings.
choosing a steam turbine
• Capacity of plant
• Plant load factor and capacity factor
• Thermal efficiency
• Reliability
• Location of plant with reference to availability of water for condensate.

steam turbine generator

converts the mechanical shaft energy it receive from the turbine into
electrical energy
steam turbine specifications
• Turbine rating
 Turbine kilowatts
 Generator kilovolt amperes
 Generator Voltage
 Phases
 Frequency
 Power factor
 Excitor characteristics
• Steam conditions
 Initial steam pressure, and
temperature
 Reheat pressure and
temperature
 Exhaust pressure

• Steam extraction arrangement such as automatic or non-automatic

extraction
• Accessories such as stop and throttle valve, tachometer etc.

• Governing arrangement
environmental laws
implemented
Renewable Energy Law
RA 9153; Renewable Energy Act of 2008
promoting the development, utilization and
commercialization of renewable energy resources and for
other purposes
Clean Air Act
RA 8749; Philippine Clean Air Act
is a comprehensive air quality management policy and
program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for
all Filipinos