MARINE AUXILIARY MACHINE – III FUEL

EMULSIFIED FUELS
T11062/VIII/PPT/8.7
 EMULSIFIED FUELS
• Emulsified fuels are composed of water,
petroleum, and additives that bind the
water and petroleum together.
• Emulsified Fuels are manufactured from
Base Fuels such as diesel, heavy fuel oil
or biodiesel and water through the
chemical bonding of Additives and by
passing all three fluids through a
Blending Unit.
EMULSIFIED FUEL OIL
• Emulsified diesels
are defined as
emulsions of water
in diesel.
• Typically made of 10-
20% mass/mass
water mixed with
specific additives.
Emulsified oil preparation
 EMULSIFIED OIL - WORKING
• Emulsified diesel burns more completely then
straight diesel. Without the traditional black
smoke, which is the result of incomplete
combustion.
• Fundamentally, emulsification creates smaller
molecules of bonded water and fuel substantially
increasing the surface area. When diesel burns it
burns at the outer edges of the molecules.
Decreasing the size of the molecules results in a
more complete burn and hence a reduction in
emissions.
 EMULSIFIED OIL - WORKING
• In the combustion of a water-in-oil emulsion, the
“

primary spray fuel droplets are further divided as a

result of the explosive vaporization caused by rapid
heating of the water dispersed within the individual
fuel droplets. The internal water droplets undergo
spontaneous nucleation of steam bubbles at a
temperature well above 100 C , causing a violent
conversion of the water droplet to steam.
• The vaporization, in turn, produces a rapid
expansion of the surrounding oil droplets,
fragmenting the oil into a vast number of smaller
fuel droplets.
• The name for this process is secondary atomization.
 EMULSIFIED OIL - WORKING
• The reason behind the cooling effect of a fuel
emulsion is a result of the micro-explosion
phenomena.
• Micro-explosions, also called secondary
evaporation, help to accelerate the evaporation of
fuel droplets in emulsions and are strong enough to
eject fragments of torn droplets several millimeters
away from the spray boundary at high speeds,
which can help to improve the air-fuel mixing.
• This helps in reducing NOX and particulate matter
emmission
Secondary explosion
 ADVANTAGE OF EMULSIFIED OIL
• Marginal cost savings . Emulsified fuel at 20% water
should net a savings of around 15%.
• NOx (NO (Nitric Oxide) and NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide)
emission reduces .
• NOx are responsible for respiratory diseases like
emphysema.
• Approx. 50% of the NOx generated is a result of the
fuel combustion process. Water added to the fuel
lowers the combustion temperature due to water
evaporation. When the water in the emulsion
evaporates, the surrounding fuel is vaporized, too. This
increases the surface area of the fuel.
• The lower temperature and the better fuel distribution
are leading to a lower formation of NOx.
 2. WORKING OF EMULSIFIED FUEL
Lower emissions:
1. Up to 60% Particulate Matter reduction.
2. Up to 80% smoke reduction.
3. Up to 5% CO2 reduction.
• Better lubricity.
• Increased thermal efficiency.
• Emulsified diesel is only emission-control fuel
technology that simultaneously lowers both PM
and NOx.
 ADVANTAGE OF EMULSIFIED OIL
• During combustion, PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic
hydrocarbons) is not burned completely; the
unburned PAH becomes particulate matter
(PM). The reduction is on the order of two to
three times the water content of the water-
in-fuel emulsion (i.e., a 20% water content
would reduce PAH- generated particulate
matter by 40 to 60
• Engine performance improves due better
combustion.
 DISADVANTAGES OF EMULSIFIED OIL
• Part of the fuels energy is used up in
heating of the water contained in the fuel
and not converted to output energy.
• The water may not remain in suspension
during storage. This may be overcome by
mixing oil / water just prior use in the
engine. But this will need additional fuel /
water handling equipment to be fitted.