ENGINEERING SURVEYING 2

PREPARED BY

PROF. MADYA Sr HJ. MOHAMMED YAZIZ HJ. AHMAD

[ C405 ] [ 013-3380758 ]
PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS UKUR & GEOMATIK
FAKULTI SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN & UKUR
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM

2009
PRECISE LEVELLING
LECTURE 2
(3 HOURS)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRECISE LEVELLING

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 LECTURE CONTENT

• Method of reading
• Tolerance
• Setting-up
• Bubble Adjustment
• Line of Sight
• Verticality of Staffs
• Observation Periods
• Setting of Turning Points
• Directions
• Criterion for Rejection
• Differences in Level

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 METHOD OF READING
• Readings are to be made with the telescope in the normal position
only (the bubble on the left of the instrument)
• Readings are to be made in the following sequence/order;
• 1. Backsight:
• A. Lower stadia
• B. Upper stadia
• C. middle stadia (level)
• 2. Foresight:
• D. Middle stadia (level)
• E. lower stadia
• F. upper stadia
• 3. Foresight
• G. middle stadia (level)
• 4. Backsight
• H. middle stadia (level)

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 BOOKINGS
Obsn.No: Date: Time Temp.

Staff Reading

Backsight Foresight Note: Back staff at BM A

Stadia Level Level Stadia Reduced Level is 10.000m

B C D F

A H G E Diff. In height (K/2-L/2)=S

J=(B+A) K=(C+H) L=(D+G) M=(F+E) Bring forward 10.0000

N=(B-A) P=(C-H) Q=(D-G) R=(F-E) Total S+10.0000

Distance: Nx100=T Distance: Rx100=U Observer Dr ASM

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 OBSERVATIONS REQUIREMENTS

1. The time taken between reading C&D and G&H should be

reduced to a minimum

2. Between reading F – G, the telescope is to be dislevelled by

turning the gradienter screw and carefully relevelled by the use of
the same screw only

3. Readings are to be made to the nearest 0.00001 m

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 TOLERANCE

Readings must be cancelled and reread if;

– The sum of the stadia readings does not agree with

the sum of the two level readings on the same staff
and to within 0.0050 meter

– The difference between the two level readings on

the same staff is more than 0.0006 meter

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 BUBBLE ADJUSTMENT

• Footscrews must not be altered during a sight.

• Bubble adjustments being made by the use of the

gradienter screw

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 LINE OF SIGHT

• Line of sight should not pass close to the ground.

Readings must not be made to the lowest 0.3 m of the
staff

• The optimum length of sight is about 40m (Max 50m)

• The back and forward staffs should be equidistant from

the precise level instrument, to within 1m

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 VERTICALITY OF STAFFS

Staffs must be tested weekly

• Using plumbob – for verticality

• Face-to-face comparison

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 OBSERVATION PERIOD

• Observations should be made in the early morning and

late afternoon.

• Observation must be discontinued when the

atmospheric conditions make observations difficult

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 SETTING TURNING POINTS

• Turning points should be in position at least half an

hour before use

• The day’s work must always be closed on BM or

culvert.

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 CRITERION FOR REJECTION

• Sections must be relevelled if the discrepancy between

forward and backward levelling (double runs) exceeds
(0.003 √ K) meter where K is the distance in
kilometers.

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL

• The difference in level will be obtained from the mean

difference of the two level line readings.

• Stadia line readings are to serve as a check on gross

error only and are not to be included in the
computations

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 CALCULATION PROCESS

Obsn.No: Date: Time Temp.

Staff Reading

Backsight Foresight Note: Back staff at BM A

Stadia Level Level Stadia Reduced Level is 10.000m

B C D F

A H G E Diff. In height (K/2-L/2)=S

J=(B+A) K=(C+H) L=(D+G) M=(F+E) Bring forward 10.0000

N=(B-A) P=(C-H) Q=(D-G) R=(F-E) Total S+10.0000

Distance: Nx100=T Distance: Rx100=U Observer Dr ASM

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 Example of Calculation
Obsn.No: 1 Date: 29.2.2004 Time: 9.00am Temp: 25

Staff Reading

Backsight Foresight Note: Back staff at BM A

Stadia(cm) Level(cm) Level(cm) Stadia(cm) Reduced Level is 12.345m

300.292 279.469 76.52 97.251

258.65 279.471 76.523 55.769 Diff. In height 2.02949

558.942 558.94 153.043 153.02 Bring forward 12.34500

41.642 -0.002 -0.003 41.482 Total 14.37449

Obsever Dr ASM

Distance(m) 41.642 Distance(m) 41.482 Recorder Dr ASM

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad

 Terima Kasih

Assoc.Prof. Sr Dr. Hj. Abd. Manan Hj. Samad