Design of Sewerage Systems (Collection) : Prof GM Ochieng'

DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS (Collection)
PROF GM OCHIENG’
Sewerage:
•Refers to the collection, treatment & disposal of liquid waste (wastewater).
Sewerage works/sewage works:

•Include all the physical structures required for the collection, treatment and disposal of
liquid waste
Sewage:
•Is water-carried wastes, in either solution or suspension and conveyed by a sewer
•May include:
•Domestic/sanitary discharges
•Industrial discharges; and
•Storm, infiltration, and inflow
Sewer:
•A pipe or conduit, generally closed, but normally not flowing full, which carries sewage
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Types of collection systems:
• Sanitary sewers : Often identified as separate sewers
• Developed to remove domestic wastes from residential areas.
• Originally, the flow in sanitary sewers was by gravity. More recently, both
pressure and vacuum sewers have been used to serve areas where gravity
sewers would be difficult and costly to install and maintain.
• Storm sewer: carries storm sewage and any other wastes which may be discharged
into the streets or onto the surface of the ground
• Usually larger than sanitary sewers
• Separate storm sewers are constructed to eliminate pollution problems
associated with the discharge of untreated WW from combined sewers into
watercourses & receiving waters
• Combined sewer: carries both domestic and storm sewage

NB:
• A system composed of combined sewer = combined system
• A system that segregates the storm water = separate system
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Types of Sewers:
• Type & size vary with size of collection system & location of WWT
facilities
• Separate systems are composed of several elements
1. Building sewers : sometimes called "building connections", connect to
the building plumbing and are used to convoy wastewater from the
buildings to lateral or branch sewers, or any other sewer except another
building sewer.
• These pipes generally have a diameter of 15 cm or more and are
placed at grades no less than 1 or 2 %.
• Discharge into collector sewers (lateral or branch).
2. Lateral or branch : form the first element of a wastewater collection
system and are usually in streets or special easements.
• Collect wastewater from one or more building sewers and convey it
to a main sewer.
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Types of Sewers:…
3. Main sewers : Main sewers are used to convey wastewater from one or
more lateral sewers to trunk sewers or to intercepting sewers.
4. Trunk sewers : Trunk sewers are large sewers that are used to convey
wastewater from main sewers to treatment or other disposal facilities or
to large intercepting sewers.
5. Intercepting sewers : Intercepting sewers are larger sewers that are
used to intercept a number of main or trunk sewers and convey the
wastewater to treatment or other disposal facilities
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Wastewater Flow
• The volume of wastewater generated in a community depends on
the following:
1. The population; and
2. The per capita contribution of wastewater
• It is therefore important to estimate the population to be served at

the design year
• Design/planning year:
• The year when the facility is expected to reach its full design
capacity
• Initial year:
• The year when the construction is completed and the initial
operation begins
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Department of Civil & Structural Engineering
Design Population
Methods of population forecasting:
• Can be mathematical or graphical
• Commonly used include:
1. Arithmetic growth;
2. Geometric growth;
3. Decreasing rate of increase;
4. Mathematical or logistic curve fitting;
5. Graphical comparison with similar cities;
6. Ratio method;
7. Employment forecast; and
8. Birth cohort
NB: all the methods utilise different assumptions hence give different
results.
• Selection of a method depends upon :
a) Amount & type of data available;
b) Purpose of the projection (short or long term)
Full page photograph or

graph
Full page photograph or

graph
Wastewater Flow Rates

• Wastewater flow rates are commonly determined from existing
records or by direct field measurements (e.g. partial flumes)
• For new developments wastewater flow rates are derived from
analysis of population data and estimates of per capita wastewater
flow rates from similar communities
• Water consumption records may also be used for estimating flow
rates
Relation between Water Supply & WW

Flow Rates
• Municipal wastewater is derived largely from water supply
• Variations between water supply and wastewater flow rates occur
due to the following:
1. Water used for street washing, lawn sprinkling, fire fighting
etc;
2. Water lost through leakages from water mains and service
pipes;
3. Water for consumptive use (e.g. production and
manufacturing);
4. Use of septic tanks and drainage fields for wastewater
disposal;
5. I/I, water used by industries and residences that is obtained
from privately owned sources may make the quantity of WW
> public water supply.
• Generally, WW flow
is  60-130% of
water supply
• For design
purposes, its
frequently assumed
that:
• Avg WW flow rate =

Avg water
consumption rate
(QASIM, R.S, 1999)

Infiltration/Inflow (I/I)
• The amount of I/I reaching a sewer system depends on the
following:
1. Length & age of sewers;
2. Construction material, methods & workmanship;
3. No. of illegal roof or drainage connections;
4. GWT relative to sewer position; and
5. Type of soil, ground cover, and topographic conditions.
(I/I)… Important terminologies

Graphical identification of I/I

Determination of I/I from WW flow records

(Example Metcalf & Eddy)
A large city has measured high flowrates during the wet season of the
year. The flow during the dry period of the year when rainfall is rare and
groundwater infiltration is negligible, averages 120000 m3/d. During the
wet period when groundwater levels are elevated, the flowrate
averaged 230000 m3/d excluding those days during and following any
significant rainfall events. During a recent storm, hourly flowrates were
recorded during the peak flow period, as well as several days following
the storm. The plots are shown in the accompanying figure. Compute
the infiltration rate and inflow and determine if the infiltration is
excessive. Excessive infiltration is defined by the regulatory agency as
rates over 0.75 m3/d.mm-km of collection system. The composite
diameter-length of the collection system is 270000 mm-km
I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) …

Accompanying Figure
I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) Solution…

I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) Solution…

Variations in WW flowrates
• Can be of the following forms:
1. Short-term;
2. Seasonal; or
3. Industrial
Short-term
• follow diurnal pattern
• Minimum in the early morning (water consumption at its lowest
& baseflow consists of infiltration and small quantities of
sanitary WW)
• 1st peak in the late morning (due to lag)
• 2nd peak in the early evening hours
Typical short-term variation curve

(hourly-domestic)
Variations in WW flowrates…
Seasonal Variation (domestic)

• Common in the following areas:
• Resort areas, small communities with college campuses (e.g.
MU) & communities with seasonal commercial & industrial
activities (e.g. trade fairs, sports tournaments, shows etc)
• Magnitude of variation depend on the following:
1. Size of community; and
2. Seasonal activity.
Industrial Variations
• Experienced mainly during cleanup and shutdowns
• Other causes may include:
1. Internal process change (e.g. cleaner production exercise);
2. Plant expansion; and
3. Increased production.
Analysis of WW
flowrate data
Purpose:
•Because the
hydraulic design of
both collection and
treatment facilities
is affected by
variations in WW
flowrates
WW flowrate factors (peaking factor)

Purpose:
• To measure peak or maximum flows
• Based on max hour, max day, max month, or other time periods
• Useful in estimating the max hydraulic conditions that might occur
and have to be accommodated
peak flowrate
Sustained peaking factor, PF 
average long - term flowrate
• Commonly used equations for estimating ratios of peak and minimum
flows to average flows are as follows:
Analysis of constituent mass loading data

Purpose
•Determine the conc of specific constituents;
•Determine Mass loading (conc x Q); and
•Determine sustained mass loadings
•Loadings that occur over a defined period of time
Factors responsible for load variations

1.Habits of community causing short-term variations;
2.Seasonal conditions causing long-term variations; and
3.Industrial activities causing both long/short-term variations
Flow-weighted constituent composition

Wherever possible flow-weighted constituent concentrations should be
used because they are a more accurate representation of the actual
wastewater strength that must be treated
C Q i i
Cw  i 1
n
Q
i 1
i
where C w  flow - weighted average concentrat ion

of the costituent
n  number of observatio ns
Ci  average concentrat ion of the contituent
during ith time period
Q i  Average flow during ith time period
Example
Calculation of
Flow-weighted
BOD-TSS
concentrations
Analysis of wastewater
(Calculation of Mass Loadings)
• Constituents of mass loadings are expressed in kg/d
(concentra tion, g/m 3 )(flow, m3 /d)

Mass loading, kg/d 
103 g/kg
Selection of design Flowrates and Mass

Loadings
• WW treatment plants have to be designed to meet conditions
influenced by:
• Flowrates;
• Wastewater characteristics; and
• Constituent concentration and a combination of both (mass
loading = CxQ)
• Conditions to be considered are:

1. Peak and minimum hydraulic flowrates;
2. Max, min, and sustained process constituent mass loading
rates; and
3. Periods of initial operation and low flows and loads.
Typical
Flowate and
Mass Loading
factors used
for the design
and operation
of WW
treatment
facilities
Forecasting Flowrates
• Factors to be considered:
1. The existing base flows = actual metered flowrates –
excessive I/I (~ I/I that can be controlled by cost effective
improvements to the collection system);
2. Estimated future flows for residential, commercial, institutional,
and industrial sources; and
3. Nonexcessive I/I
NB: A useful technique in forecasting flowrates is probability analysis

(falls under statistical analysis of flowrates)
• Probability analysis can be used to estimate occurrence of peak
flows and loads, and to establish a basis for selecting design flows
and loads
Example: Forecasting Design Flows

(Metcalf & Eddy 4th Edition)
• A residential community with a current population of 15000 is
planning to expand its WW-treatment plant. In 20 years, the
population is estimated to increase to 25000 residents and 2000
day students are expected to attend a proposed junior college. A
new industry will also move in and contribute an average flow of
840 m3/d an a peak flowrate of 1260 m3/d. The plant will operate 8
h/d and will shut down one day per week. The present average
daily wastewater flowrate is 6500 m3/d and the infiltration/inflow
has been determined to be nonexcessive. Infiltration is estimated
to be 100 L/capita.d at average flow and 150 L/.capita.d at peak
flow. Residential water use in the new homes is expected to 10%
less than the existing residences because o the installation of
water-saving appliances and fixtures. Compute the following:
1. The future average, peak, and minimum design flowrates (for peak
residential flowrates, use a peaking factor of 2.75 and assume the
ratio of minimum to average flow is 0.35
Solution
1. Compute the present and future per capita wastewater flowrates
a. For present conditions, compute the average domestic

flowrate excluding infiltration (remember its nonexcesive!!)
i. Compute infiltration
3
1m
Infiltrati on  15000 persons 100/capita.d 
1000
 1500 m3 /d
Statistical Analysis of Flowrates,

Constituent Concentrations, and Mass
Loadings
Scope:
• Involves the determination of statistical parameters used to quantify a
series of measurements
Common parameters: (assumption: normal distribution)

• Mean;
• Median;
• Mode;
• Standard deviation; and
• Coefficient of variation.
Parameters used to quantify the nature of distribution if not normal

• coefficient of skewness; and
• Coefficient of kurtosis.
Graphical Analysis of data

Purpose:
• To determine the nature of the distribution
• Data is plotted on both arithmetic (normal) and logarithmetic-
probability (log-probability) paper
• Check:
• Is the data plotting /fitting with a straight line?
Steps in using arithmetic and logarithmetic

probability papers
Graphical Analysis of data….
For examples on how to apply these

formulae, please make reference to Metcalf
& Eddy and all other relevant literature with
similar contents (e.g. Applied hydrology by
V.T. Chow)

Design of Sewerage Systems (Collection) : Prof GM Ochieng'

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DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS (Collection)

Sewerage works/sewage works:

• Combined sewer: carries both domestic and storm sewage

• It is therefore important to estimate the population to be served at

Full page photograph or

Full page photograph or

Wastewater Flow Rates

Relation between Water Supply & WW

• Avg WW flow rate =

(QASIM, R.S, 1999)

(I/I)… Important terminologies

Graphical identification of I/I

Determination of I/I from WW flow records

I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) …

I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) Solution…

I/I Example (Metcalf & Eddy) Solution…

Typical short-term variation curve

Seasonal Variation (domestic)

WW flowrate factors (peaking factor)

Analysis of constituent mass loading data

Factors responsible for load variations

Flow-weighted constituent composition

where C w  flow - weighted average concentrat ion

(concentra tion, g/m 3 )(flow, m3 /d)

Selection of design Flowrates and Mass

• Conditions to be considered are:

NB: A useful technique in forecasting flowrates is probability analysis

Example: Forecasting Design Flows

a. For present conditions, compute the average domestic

Statistical Analysis of Flowrates,

Common parameters: (assumption: normal distribution)

Parameters used to quantify the nature of distribution if not normal

Graphical Analysis of data

Steps in using arithmetic and logarithmetic

Graphical Analysis of data….

For examples on how to apply these

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