Summer Internship

PRESENTATION
POWERGRID is in the business of Bulk power transmission,
Telecom and providing consultancy services to Power Utilities
(both domestic and International)
Telecommunication
 What is Telecommunication?

 Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals,

messages, words, writings, images and sounds or
information of any nature by wire, radio , optical or
electromagnetic systems . It is transmitted either
electrically over physical media, such as cable, or via
electromagnetic radiation.

Source- www.shutterstock.com
Optical Fibre
 What is Optical Fibre?

 An optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made

by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter
slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical
fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage
in fibre-optic communication, where they permit
transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables. The
field of applied science and engineering concerned
with the design and application of optical fibers is
known as fiber optics.
Types of Optical fiber
 What is PDH?

 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH) is a

technology used in telecommunication networks to
transport large quantities of data over digital transport
equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio
system.
 PDH network runs in a state where different parts of the
network are nearly, but not perfectly, synchronized.
 But with the change in technology, the PDH is now
being replaced by the SDH. The SDH is useful
equipment that is used in most of the
telecommunication networks.
 SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY (SDH)
 SDH is an international standard for high speed
telecommunication over optical networks which can transport
digital signals to variable capacities. It is a synchronous system
which tends to provide a more flexible, yet simple network
infrastructure. The method was developed to replace
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
 A Synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a
more simple, economical, and flexible telecommunication
network infrastructure.

 WHY DID SDH EMERGED?

 Need for a system to process increasing amount of information.
 New standard that allows mixing equipment from different suppliers.
 Advantages of SDH with respect to PDH

 The main weaknesses of PDH were

1. Had asynchronous structure.
2. Restricted management capacity
3. No optical interface

 Advantages of SDH over PDH:

1. Optical interface
2. Capability of powerful management
3. Synchronous structure was flexible
4. Cost effective
5. World standard digital format
 Dense wavelength division multiplexing

 DWDM System allows both new and existing fiber optic links to carry
several channels simultaneously, DWDM can optimize the use of
current facilities whilst offering greater capacities for the future.
 Some examples of DWDM includes voice transmission, e-mail, video
and multimedia

 Some characteristics of DWDM:

1. Increase Network Capacity
2. Working on Existing Fibre Infrastructure
3. Low Initial Cost
4. Quick Capacity Upgrade Later
 Transceiver Vs Transponder

 Transceivers – A combination of a transmitter and a

receiver is called a transceiver; it converts an electrical
signal to an optical signal. Also its purpose is to
transmit and receive data. Example include walkie-
talkie.

 Transponders – “Transponder” includes a

transmitter and a responder. A transponder can be
made up of two transceivers placed after each other. In
optical fiber communications, a transponder is the
element that sends and receives the optical signal from
a fiber. it is also known as wavelength-converting
transponder or WDM transponder .
 IPv4( Internet protocol version 4 )

 Internet protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the internet

protocol(IP).
 It is one of the core protocols of standards-based
internetworking methods in the internet. It still routes most
internet traffic today.
 IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on pocket-switched
networks. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses.
 IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human
readable notation.

 OSI Model
Open System interconnection model is a conceptual model that
characterizes and standardizes the function of a telecommunication
system. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
OSI layers
.

Protocols
Of
Transmission
 TCP/IP

 The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of

communication protocols which provides end-to-end data
communication specifying how data should be packetized,
addressed, transmitted, routed, and received. It is commonly known
as TCP/IP because the foundational protocols in the suite are the
Transmission control protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).

 This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers,

i. The link layer containing communication methods for data that
remains within a single network segment (link).
ii. The internet layer, providing internetworking between
independent networks.
iii. The transport layer, providing end-to-end communication
services for applications.
iv. The application layer, providing services to users and system
functions.
Thank You

Ashish Pant
ECE 3rd year
41825502816