BRAKING

PERFORMANCE
GROUP IV

HUANG, AARON ARNOLD

BOADO, JAN CARLO
ANDRADA, JAMES
CASUGAY, RAYMOND
ROBERTO, MARC JEROME
INTRODUCTION

Braking Performance
It shows the ability of the car to slow down and
stop at a desired braking distance.
‘Braking performance’ (sometimes known as
‘effectiveness’)
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's
(NHTSA) National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey
revealed that roughly 2% of all motor vehicle crashes are
caused by some sort of vehicular problem such as brake
failure or a blown tire. Brake failure accounts for roughly 1
22% of these car accidents.
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Reaction Time

The reaction time is the period which

elapses between the recognition of the
object, the decision to brake, and the time
it takes for the foot to hit the brake pedal.

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11
Your reaction time

• Normally 0.5–2 seconds.

• 45–54 year-olds have the best reaction
time in traffic.
• 18–24 year-olds and those over 60 have the
same reaction time in traffic. Young people
have sharper senses but older people have
more experience.
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Reaction distance

The reaction distance is the distance you

travel from the point of detecting a hazard
until you begin braking.

reaction distance = speed x reaction time

Sr=V×t

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The reaction distance is affected by

• The car’s speed (proportional increase)

 2 x higher speed = 2 x longer reaction

distance.
 5 x higher speed = 5 x longer reaction
distance.

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The reaction distance can be decreased by

• Anticipation of hazards.
• Preparedness.

The reaction distance can be increased by

• The necessity of decision-making (for

example, between braking or steering out of
the way).
• Alcohol, drugs and medication.
• Tiredness. 6
11
Braking distance

Refers to the distance a vehicle will

travel from the point when its brakes are fully
applied to when it comes to a complete stop.

Sb=V²/2g

7
11
Braking distance

It is primarily affected by the original speed

of the vehicle and the coefficient of friction
between the tires and the road surface, and
negligibly by the tires' rolling resistance and
vehicle's air drag.
Sb=V²/2µg

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Braking distance

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The braking distance is affected by

• The vehicle’s speed (quadratic increase;

“raised to the power of 2”):
2 x higher speed = 4 x longer braking
distance.
3 x higher speed = 9 x longer braking
distance.
• The road (gradient and conditions).
• The load.
• The brakes (condition, braking technology and
how many wheels are braking). 10
11
Stopping Distance

It is the distance between the moment

when a hazard is recognized and the time when
the vehicle comes to a complete stop. • It is the
sum of the distance traveled during the reaction
time at given speed and active braking time.
Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking
distance
St=Sr + Sb
St=V×t + V²/2µg
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11
Factors Affecting Braking
Performance

1
Reporter: Boado, Jan Carlo 22
1. Speed

Braking distance and thinking distance

affect your vehicle speed. Driving at high speed
will jeopardize your braking distance. Moreover,
when driving at high speed and the vehicle carries
a heavy load, the stopping distance is affected. We
recommend that drivers observe the local speed
limits on the roads. Besides, drivers should keep a
safe distance from the car ahead.
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2. Brakes

The effectiveness of your car brakes affects

your stopping distance. Often, the friction
material wears down gradually. Consequently, the
grooves in the brake disc lead to the loss of
stopping power due to overheating. Moisture may
accumulate between the brake pads and discs in
wet roads or stagnant water.

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2. Brakes

We recommend proper maintenance of car

brakes for reduction of stopping distance. Besides,
you should pump the brake pedals after driving
through deep water to dry the brakes. You should
do this while driving slowly.

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3. Tire pressure

The grip of tires and the road play an

important role in a vehicle’s stopping distance.
The tires should have adequate pressure and in no
case should they have the pressure below or
above the manufacturer’s recommended value.
Besides, over inflation or under inflation of the
tires cause irregular wears.

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3. Tire pressure

Therefore, one will use more money in

replacing new tires. The effectiveness of the tires
to stop upon application of brakes reduces. We
recommend that drivers maintain a regular check
of tire pressure. In most cases, a monthly check of
the tire pressure works well.

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4. Tire wear

The tread depth of your car should not go

below 1.6mm. Tread depth beyond 1.6mm may
affect the safety hence stopping distance of the car.
The treads affect a car’s grip on the road. Most new
tires have a tread depth of 8mm, but with time they
wear out. We recommend drivers to carry out a
regular check on tire depths. Moreover, one should
not work with the minimum tire depth since the
higher the depth, the better for safety. 7
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5. Tire quality

The quality of tires affects the stopping

distance of a vehicle. You may spend an extra coin
in purchasing a premium tire, but you will have a
peace of mind. Many tests show that premium
tires work better for effective stopping distance
and grip. Besides, premium tires come with other
advantages which include increased aquaplaning
resistance and efficient fuel savings.
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6. Road conditions

We have no control over the weather

conditions. Slippery roads which drivers often
encounter during rainy periods affect the stopping
distance. Moreover, ice and snow which
accumulate on roads during winter reduce the
grip between tires and the road. Tread becomes
compacted between the tires hence reducing the
effectiveness of the grip.
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6. Road conditions

The best measure here involves keeping

your car tires in good shape despite the road
conditions. Moreover, ensure you drive slowly
when the weather conditions change. You should
also maintain proper distance with the vehicle
ahead.

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7. View of the road

The driver’s ability to spot road features and

landmarks affect the stopping distance of a
vehicle. If a driver takes long to notice a spot on
the road, it will also take more time to apply
braking force. When driving during winter, many
drivers face visibility issues. We advocate that
drivers ensure the car windscreen remain clean
for clear sight.
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8. Distractions

While driving, nothing should distract the

drivers. Instead, the drivers should concentrate
throughout the journey. The use of mobile phones
or adjustment o satnav by drivers steals the
attention. Consequently, the thinking time reduces.
Sometimes, drivers would wish to change the radio
stations while driving and this could also divert
attention. Drivers should concentrate on their main
duty and keep watch on the road always for a better
driving experience. 12
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9. Drink/drug driving

You know that as a driver, you should not

drink and drive. One should not use drugs such as
cannabis sativa and cocaine since they influence the
time one takes to process information. While many
know that drivers should not drink and drive, the
rules do not apply to alcohol only. The remedy lies in
educating all drivers to avoid drug driving.

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10. Tiredness

Drivers may fall asleep behind the wheels

when driving on monotonous roads. In such cases,
the reaction time of the driver will be affected and
decision-making process affected. In some cases,
exhaustion of the driver may not lead to sleep but
only poor concentration. We recommend that when
you feel exhausted while driving, you should park
the car and relax for some time before proceeding
with the journey. You can also change your driving
duties with your co-driver. 14
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How can you improve
braking performance?

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Before you get too excited about improving your car’s
brakes, its critical to understand that brakes are only
as good as the tyres and suspension allow them to
be.
If you’re running hard tyres that skip over
every road imperfection, upgraded brakes will
provide literally no improvement. Improvements in
brake torque assume you’re not traction limited.
Improvements in brake fade assume you
actually get your brakes hot enough that they lose
performance. For the vast majority of cars on public
roads, stock brakes will be more than enough. 16
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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE

1. Increase disc radius

Larger discs will allow for more brake torque as

the brake pad will apply pressure at a larger radius,
allowing for a higher moment. Brake torque is equal to
the force applied by the pad multiplied by the distance
at which the force is applied from the center of the
wheel. In this case, we’re increasing the distance from
the centre. This is a good thing.
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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE

2. Increase caliper piston area

Increasing the size of the pistons (or number of

pistons) means you have more area applying a specific
pressure. If pressure remains constant and the area
increases, the force applied will increase.

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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE

3. Line pressure

Push your foot harder, and the car brakes

harder. This is because the line pressure increases. If
you can increase the line pressure (perhaps by creating
a larger lever arm for your brake pedal to act upon, or
using vacuum assist) you increase brake torque.

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FOUR WAYS TO IMPROVE BRAKE TORQUE

4. Friction coefficient between the pad and rotor

Perhaps self explanatory, but if you can increase

the friction (this comes down to material selection;
brake pad manufacturers will often supply this data)
between the pad and the rotor, you can increase the
braking torque.

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Why would you need to improve braking?

There are two primary reasons why you’d need to

improve the braking performance of your vehicle:

1. Lack of stopping power

The vehicle does not have sufficient brake torque

to lock up the wheels at the speeds it travels (or get
close to locking up the wheels, providing the maximum
deceleration forces).

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Why would you need to improve braking?

There are two primary reasons why you’d need to

improve the braking performance of your vehicle:

2. Excessive brake fade

The vehicle experiences brake fade after certain

durations of brake use, and loses braking capabilities as a
result. Prolonged braking (such as on a track) can lead to
brake fade as a result of improper brake cooling.

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BRAKE
FAILURE

1
Reporter: Andrada, James 22
Brake Failure
Brake failure is defined as the loss of ability to
stop the vehicle.

If you've ever been in a vehicle that did not

stop, you know the sheer terror that brake failure
can cause. Whether your vehicle is equipped with
disc or drum brakes, you expect them to work when
you hit the brake pedal.
Brakes have their own language; they squeal,
click, squeak and grind. You need to listen carefully
to their noises rather than ignore them. 2
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Warning signs of brake problems

1. Brake Light On

When one of the red or yellow brake

indicators on your dashboard lights up it may mean
you’re just due for an inspection. It could also be
your vehicle’s smart electronics alerting you to a
problem.

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Warning signs of brake problems

2. Squealing, Squeaking or Grinding Noises

Hearing a Metallic Squeal While You’re in Motion?

If you start hearing a high-pitched noise that
stops when you apply the brakes that’s likely the
sound of the brake pad wear indicators. They’re
made of steel so they make this sound when they
start contacting the rotor.

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Warning signs of brake problems

2. Squealing, Squeaking or Grinding Noises

Grinding Sound When Brakes Are Applied?

Grinding that you also feel in the pedal could
mean a number of things. There could just be some
gravel or a rock caught in the caliper unit, easily
remedied.
But you may have gone too long without brake
servicing. The brake pads may be worn through, and
you’re hearing metal on metal that could be creating 5
grooves in the brake rotor. Not good. 22
Warning signs of brake problems

3. Wobbling, Vibration or Scraping When Braking

Shaking in the steering wheel or vibration

when you apply the brakes may be the result of an
uneven rotor. Then you’ll feel shaking when braking,
as the pad hits that bump in the rotor.
Over time and thousands of wheel
revolutions, it’s normal for the rotor surface to get
slight variations. Rust can also sometimes develop.
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Warning signs of brake problems

3. Wobbling, Vibration or Scraping When Braking

Another possible cause of rough braking is the

brake caliper not releasing properly.Due to wear from
heat or road debris, the piston can get sticky. It may not
retract the pads back into the full “off” position when you
let up on the brake pedal.
A fourth cause of bumpy braking could be damage
to your brake components from improper wheel lug nut
installation. (The lug nuts are the big bolts that clamp your
tire and wheel onto the hub of your car.) 7
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Warning signs of brake problems

4. Leaking Fluid

If you’re experiencing a soft brake pedal, have

a service technician look for fluid leaking from the
master cylinder or elsewhere in the brake system.

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Warning signs of brake problems

4. Leaking Fluid

The master cylinder is the unit that creates

the power for your brakes. It has a reservoir like the
one for your wiper fluid that contains brake fluid.
When you apply the brakes, this fluid is pushed
through thin piping, creating hydraulic pressure. If
fluid is leaking from this system, there may not be
enough power to force the brake pads to clamp
hard to the rotors. 9
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Warning signs of brake problems

5. Spongy or Soft Brake Pedal

If you notice a difference in the resistance in

the brake pedal — it feels “softer,” or sinks all the
way to the floor mat when you press on it — it’s a
sign you need immediate service. There could be air
or moisture in the braking system or a problem with
the master cylinder.

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Warning signs of brake problems

6. Car Pulling to One Side When Braking

This could be caused by a brake hose gone

bad or a caliper problem. One brake caliper may be
applying more or all the pressure during braking,
resulting in unbalanced stopping.

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Warning signs of brake problems

7. Burning Smell While Driving

A sharp, chemical odor after repeated hard

braking on steep roads is a sign of overheated brakes or
clutch. Pull over immediately in a safe place, check your
parking brake to make sure it’s fully released and allow
the brakes to cool. If you don’t, you risk heating up the
brake fluid to boiling, which can cause brake failure.
If there’s any smoke coming from a wheel, it may be a
stuck brake caliper and possibly unsafe to continue
driving on without repairs. 12
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Warning signs of brake problems

8. Bouncing Up and Down When You Stop Short

If your vehicle rocks or bounces with sharp

braking, it’s probably not a brake problem at all.
Your shock absorbers may need to be replaced.
Not every brake noise or symptom is going to cost
you. It could be a harmless squeak from certain
types of material in brake pads. There may be dust
or moisture somewhere in the braking system that
isn’t causing damage. You may just need to add new 13
brake fluid. 22
Warning signs of brake problems

8. Bouncing Up and Down When You Stop Short

Brake parts wear out over time. Self-

diagnosing symptoms or delaying brake servicing
could put you and your passengers at unnecessary
risk. And like with a lot of automotive issues, if
there is a problem, the longer you put it off the
more you risk big repair bills.

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What to do if
experiencing brake
failure ?

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What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

1. Take a Deep Breath

This is step one to averting any crisis

situation. You have to gather yourself and allow
your brain to function properly instead of in crisis
mode. Your immediate reaction will be to
continually slam the brakes, which may work
depending on the issue (i.e., your brakes simply lost
pressure), but isn't always the best solution. So take 16
a deep breath and gain your composure. 22
What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

2. Make Sure You Take Your Foot Off The Gas

This may seem self-explanatory, but again

you are likely not thinking straight. Allow your car to
begin slowing naturally by taking your foot off the
gas.

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What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

3. Turn Your Hazard Lights On

If you're just driving down a side street then

putting your hazards on should be enough to warn
others of the situation.

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What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

4. Downshift

If you drive a vehicle with a manual

transmission you know how to downshift. Doing so
will cause your engine to slow the car down for you
little by little. You will want to downshift a little at a
time so you don't destroy your transmission, but
this will help. A good rule of thumb is whenever
your car stops slowing down it's safe to downshift 19
again. 22
What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

5. Shift Into Neutral

Once you've reached First gear you can't

downshift anymore so you have to begin using
alternative brakes such as your emergency brake.

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What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

6. Begin Pulling Your Emergency Brake

Most, if not all vehicles have an emergency

hand-brake. Usually this is a lever near your center
console. Pulling up on this slowly will help you
brake. Ripping it up in one clean pull on the other
hand will likely result in your car spinning out of
control. Use this to slow your car just like your
normal brakes. 21
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What to do if experiencing brake
failure ?

7. Park

Most of the time you can completely stop your car

using your emergency brake (this is how you park your
car in a manual) but in some instances the emergency
hand brake on an automatic may not be it may not be
correctly adjusted or assembled. If you run into this
problem slow you car as much as possible and then shift
it into park. This should bring your car to a halt and your
crisis to an end. 22
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Causes of Brake Failure

1
Reporter: Casugay, Raymond 16
Causes of Brake Failure
1. Unreliable Parts

The car braking system is made of several

parts like pads/shoes, the hydraulic lines, the air
lines etc. When any of this parts is faulty or
malfunctioning it can result in the failure of the
whole system. To avoid this, proper maintenance of
these parts must be ensured and done periodically.
Always tell your mechanic to help watch out for
these parts while servicing the car to avoid any fatal
2
accident.
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Causes of Brake Failure
2. Overheated Brake Pads

Squealing brakes is an indication of a problem

with the brake system. Usually, a squealing noise is
an indication that your brake pads are worn down
and need to be replaced. Other causes can be
overheated brake pads or rotors and sometimes rust
can get impregnated on the brake lining material
and cause grumbling or squeaking noises.
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Causes of Brake Failure
3. Fluid Leakage

The major reason why brakes fail is as a result of

fluid leakage, if there is a slow leak in the system it will
effect the brake master cylinder by allowing air into the
system creating a low peddle and eventual brake operation
failure. If a large brake fluid leak is present, fluid escapes,
leading to a major brake failure on one half of the system
(front or rear). A master cylinder has a built in safety
device, two separate hydraulic systems a primary and
secondary, separating front and rear brake operation in
case of front or rear brake operation failure, one system 4
will still be present. 16
Causes of Brake Failure
4. Brake Fade

We need to take care of brake fade too. It is another

type of brake failure caused by overheating of the brake
pads. It is common on poor material brake pads.
If you have a bad brake booster then it
automatically follows that you’ll have problems with your
brake pedal as well. A low brake pedal is usually a telltale
sign that your brake power boost unit has gone badly. Most
of today’s brake boosters are vacuum controlled. To check
your brake booster you may need a vacuum measurement
gadget that will be connected to the brake booster. 5
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Causes of Brake Failure
5. Rust

Attached to the cylinder master are the brake

lines. The steel brake tubing is transcended to all the
wheel of your vehicle. Rusts are the worst enemies
of the brake lines. To avoid these and leaks, regularly
inspect the linings. Replacement is the best course
of action in case of damages.

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Causes of Brake Failure
6. Defective Hoses

Running from the brake lines to the brake

calipers as well as to the wheel cylinders are rubber
brake hoses. It is advised to avoid their exposure to
dirt, road grime, salt and other elements. These can
make the rubber to become brittle and can produce
crack. This will then lead to a failure in the brake
system.
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Causes of Brake Failure
7. Moisture

As well, it is worth noting that brake failure

can be caused by water in the brake fluid. When the
fluid gets hot, the water will vaporize. This steam can
be compressed unlike the water. However, instead of
the braking effort being transmitted to the wheels, it
is dissipated and the car will fail to brake. So it is
important not to forget changing the brake fluid at
given interval.
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How to Troubleshoot
Brake Failure

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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

The easiest way you can avoid brake failure is by

maintaining the vehicle regularly and being attentive
to any changes in performance.
• Replace your car's brake pads.Be sure to review
each time the status of brake pads. Their average
life is 25,000 km, but can become blunt before
its hardness and lifestyle. Replace them if they
are worn. If you hear a squealing or grinding
noise when you apply the brakes, it may be a
sign that you need to replace your brake pads.
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

• You must change the brake shoe (or a shoe or a

brake block) for every four changes of brake pads
or so.

• Change the brake fluid of your car. Change the

brake fluid every 48,000 miles, every four years,
or during regular brake servicing. Contaminants
in your brake fluid may cause your brakes to
function incorrectly. If your brake pedal pushes
down further than normal to activate the brakes,
it may be a sign of contaminated fluid. 11
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

• Verify whenever possible the power of braking of each

of the four wheels with a brake meter/brake tester.

• Isolate braking problems by test-driving the car. You

will want to find an empty parking lot or quiet side
street to do this.

• See if the car decelerates normally. Be particularly

alert for vibrations or a change in resistance felt in the
brake pedal. This is a warning there may be air in the
brake's hydraulic system.
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

• Check to see their headlights and brake lights are

working. Also, he urges people to make sure to aim the
headlights properly.

• Do not modify the original brake system. Observe the

times given by the manufacturer.

• Examine your brake lines and replace any damaged or

broken lines. A hard to press brake pedal is an indicator
of a blocked brake line.
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

• Check your car's vacuum system for leaks. If your

brake pedal is hard to press down, it's likely that your
vacuum system needs repairing.

• Install a new master cylinder. If your brake pedal

seems to have no pressure and your car doesn't brake
well, you might need a new master cylinder.

• Inspect your car's brake discs. Bad discs result in

grabby brakes or a vibration when braking. One disc
may be the problem, or all of them may need to be
replaced. 14
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

• Ask a mechanic to test your brake power boost

unit. A faulty brake power boost unit causes the
brake pedal to depress more than usual in order to
activate the brakes.

• Inspect the visible components of your car's brake

system. Park your car on a firm, level surface,
preferably on a paved driveway or garage floor.
Chock the wheels, and raise one wheel with a floor
jack if available. Install jack stands if you are going to
work on wheels while they are elevated.
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How to Troubleshoot Brake Failure

 Look at the surface of the car's brake rotors (if

equipped with disc brakes). They should be smooth
and shiny, with a uniform silver color. Purple or bluish
discoloration indicated they have been overheated,
roughness, swirling groove, or splotchy and grainy
surface appearance indicates abnormal wear or rotor
warpage.
 If the wheel is lifted off the ground, try to rock it to see
if there is any unusual movement in the wheel
bearings assembly. Rotate the wheel so you can listen
for sounds of uneven brake contact. Now have an
assistant engage the brake and check to see if the 16
wheel becomes immobile. 16
Anti-lock Braking
System (ABS)

1
Reporter: Roberto, Marc Jerome 23
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety

anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on
land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and
buses. ABS operates by preventing the wheels from
locking up during braking, thereby maintaining
tractive contact with the road surface.

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

ABS is an automated system that uses the

principles of threshold braking and cadence braking,
techniques which were once practised by skilful drivers
before ABS braking systems were widespread. ABS
operates at a much faster rate and more effectively than
most drivers could manage. Although ABS generally offers
improved vehicle control and decreases stopping
distances on dry and some slippery surfaces, on loose
gravel or snow-covered surfaces ABS may significantly
increase braking distance, while still improving steering
control. 3
23
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

Generally speaking, ABS doesn't "kick-in" at

speeds below 12-15 mph (20-25 km/h) because the
controller (Electronic Control Module) realizes that,
when making a turn, the wheels on an axle will, by
default, be turning at different speeds.

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Components of ABS

There are four main components of ABS:

1. wheel speed sensors
2. valves
3. pump
4. controller.

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Components of ABS
1. Speed sensors

A speed sensor is used to determine the

acceleration or deceleration of the wheel. These
sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor, or a
toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil to
generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or
differential induces a magnetic field around the
sensor. The fluctuations of this magnetic field
generate a voltage in the sensor.
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Components of ABS
1. Speed sensors

Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a

result of the rotating wheel, this sensor can become
inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower rotation of the
wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the
magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to
the controller

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Components of ABS
2. Valves
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake
controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has
three positions:
*In position one, the valve is open; pressure from
the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
*In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating
that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the
pressure from rising further should the driver push the
brake pedal harder.
*In position three, the valve releases some of the
8
pressure from the brake.
23
Components of ABS
2. Valves

The majority of problems with the valve system

occur due to clogged valves. When a valve is clogged
it is unable to open, close, or change position. An
inoperable valve will prevent the system from
modulating the valves and controlling pressure
supplied to the brakes.

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Components of ABS
3. Pump

The pump in the ABS is used to restore the

pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have
released it. A signal from the controller will release
the valve at the detection of wheel slip. After a valve
releases the pressure supplied from the user, the
pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure
to the braking system. The controller will modulate
the pump's status in order to provide the desired
amount of pressure and reduce slipping. 10
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Components of ABS
4. Controller

The controller is an ECU type unit in the car

which receives information from each individual
wheel speed sensor. If a wheel loses traction, the
signal is sent to the controller. The controller will then
limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS
modulator which actuates the braking valves on and
off.

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 If too much force is applied to the brake
pedal, conventional brakes may cause the wheels to
lock up. This lessens the driver's steering control and
makes the braking distance greater. Locked wheels
skid more easily. An antilock brake system (ABS) has
sensors on each of the wheels that monitor the
wheel's speed. In addition, the sensors regulate
hydraulic brake pressure through a hydraulic control
unit. The third element of ABS is a computerized
command system.
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With ABS
The ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System) is a braking
system that allows that when stops the wheels not
they block, and therefore they continue turning,
which allows that they obey to the turn that is
marked to him from the steering wheel.
The right way to stop a car equipped with ABS
brakes is to hit the brakes and did not release
pressure until the vehicle is stopped. During braking
and subject to activate the ABS, will be felt a vibration
in the pedal. This effect is normal , Is the way the car
to tell us that the ABS is working. 13
23
With ABS
It only acts when stepping on the brake with
force.
To obtain an effective braking system must step
on the brake pedal with the force from the outset,
while stepping on the clutch. In performing this
maneuver will cause the car responds to its
maneuverability and achieved its arrest in a shorter
space.

14
23
How do I know that the ABS on my car is
running?
Just start the car, turn on a light og ABS signal.
The light should turn off after a few seconds. If the
ABS does not shut down, it means that the ABS do
not work. Still you can stop the car, but do not have
the help of ABS. It would be advisable to bring a
workshop to review.

15
23
SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED
SENSOR

1. The ABS Light comes on

The most obvious sign of a problem with the
ABS system is that the ABS Light will come on. The
ABS Light is the equivalent of the Check Engine Light,
except only for the ABS system. When the light is
illuminated, this is usually the first sign that will be
displayed indicating that there may be a problem
with the ABS system, and perhaps an issue with one
of the system’s sensors.

16
23
SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED
SENSOR

2. Brakes take longer to stop car

During heavy braking conditions the ABS system
should automatically activate to aid in slowing down the
vehicle, and traction loss and skidding should be minimal.
While we should try to practice regular driving habits that
avoid heavy braking situations, if you do notice that the
vehicle is taking longer to stop under heavy braking
situations, or is experiencing traction loss and skidding, then
that may be an indicator of there being a problem with the
system. The ABS system is typically made up of only a few
components - the module and the sensors - so a problem in
its operation will either be with the module or the sensors. 17
23
SYMPTOMS OF A BAD OR FAILING ABS SPEED
SENSOR

3. Less stability under icy or wet driving conditions

Over time, most drivers will become familiar with
how their vehicle handles under certain conditions,
including slippery conditions, such as driving on wet or icy
roads. A properly functioning ABS system will minimize
any sort of traction loss, especially under wet and icy
conditions. If when driving under wet or icy roads you
experience any sort of tire slipping or loss of traction for
more than a brief moment when stopping or taking off,
then the ABS system may not be functioning correctly.
This is typically due to either a problem with the module,
18
or more likely, a problem with the sensors.
23
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

19
23
Advantages of Anti-Lock Brakes

• Stopping on ice or any wet surface. As mentioned

above, an ABS prevents lock-ups and skidding, even
in slippery conditions. Anti-lock brakes have been
proven to save lives in some situations by helping
drivers keep control of a vehicle.

• Lower insurance costs. Because it is a thoroughly

tested safety device with a track record of
effectiveness, insurers often give customers specific
discounts for having an ABS system on their vehicle.
20
23
Advantages of Anti-Lock Brakes

• Higher resale value. As a feature on a car or truck,

an ABS raises the market value of the vehicle.
Nowadays, where ABS technology has become
standard on many vehicles, not having it could result
in a lower price for resale.
• Traction control. An ABS shares some of the
infrastructure of a traction control system, where
new technology helps ensure that each wheel has
traction on the road. That makes it easy for
manufacturers to install both of these features at
the factory. 21
23
Disadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes

• Inconsistent stop times. Anti-lock brakes are made

to provide for surer braking in slippery conditions.
However, some drivers report that they find
stopping distances for regular conditions are
lengthened by their ABS, either because there may
be errors in the system, or because the clunking or
noise of the ABS may contribute to the driver not
braking at the same rate.

22
23
Disadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes

• Expense. An ABS can be expensive to maintain.

Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of
dollars to fix if they get out of calibration or develop
other problems. For some, this is a big reason to
decline an ABS in a vehicle.

• Delicate systems. It's easy to cause a problem in an

ABS by messing around with the brakes. Problems
include disorientation of the ABS, where a
compensating brake sensor causes the vehicle to
shudder, make loud noise or generally brake worse.
23
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING !!!
😃😊
References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/braking-performance
https://korkortonline.se/en/theory/reaction-braking-stopping/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braking_distance
https://www.slideshare.net/hebronashraf/braking-performance-4
https://www.kwik-fit.com/blog/10-things-that-can-affect-your-stopping-distance
https://www.carthrottle.com/post/engineering-explained-brake-systems-and-how-to-
improve-stopping-performance/
https://www.bestlawyers.com/Content/Downloads/Articles/6497_1.pdf
https://www.caryanga.com/en/posts/10-crucial-factors-affecting-car-braking-distance
https://www.lesschwab.com/article/never-ignore-these-8-warning-signs-of-brake-
problems.html
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-problems/brake-failure.htm
https://www.smartmotorist.com/car-brake-system
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https://www.wikihow.com/Troubleshoot-Your-Brakes
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of-a-bad-or-failing-abs-speed-sensor/
http://brainonboard.ca/safety_features/active_safety_features_abs.php