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Porosity
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Developers References
Titlepage
General aspects
Topic Overview
One may distinguish between two types of porosity,
1 General Aspects
namely absolute and effective
2 Idealised Models
Absolute and effective porosity are distinguished by their
3 Measurements
of Porosity
access capabilities to reservoir fluids
Permeable
spaces Void spaces
contributes contributes
to effective to absolute
porosity porosity
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
Intergranular porosity
3 Measurements Fracture porosity
of Porosity
Micro- porosity
Vugular porosity
Intragranular porosity
1 General Aspects
Regular orthorhombic-
packed spheres
Regular rhombohedral-
Regular cubic-packed spheres
packed spheres
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Vp r 2 n m
0,785 or 78,5%
Vb 2rn 2rm 4
r- pipe radius
mn - number of cylinders contained in the bulk volum e
Vp - pore volume
Vb - bulk volum e
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Vp Vb Vm
1 0,476 or 47,6%
Vb Vb 6
Vp - pore volume
Vb - bulk volum e ( 2r)3
Vm - matrix vol ume (volume of bulk space occupied by the rock)
14 4
r 3 8 r 3
83 3
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Vp Vb Vm Vm 4r 3
1 1 3
0,395 or 39,5%
Vb Vb Vb 12 3r
Vb - bulk volum e 2r 2r h 4r 3 sin 60 4 3r 3
4
Vm - matrix vol ume r 3
3
h - height of the orthorhomb ic - packed spheres
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Vp Vb Vm Vm 4r 3
1 1 3
0,26 or 26,0%
Vb Vb Vb 12 2r
Vb - bulk volum e 2r 2r h 4 2r 3
4
Vm - matrix vol ume r 3
3
h - height in the tetrahedr on 4r 2 2r 2 2r
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Vp
f .sand sand pebble 0,037 or 3,7%
Vb
Vp f.sand Vf.sand f.sand sandVsand f.sand sandpebbleVpebble
tot. f.sand sandpebble
Vb Vpebble Vpebble Vpebble
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Measurement of Porosity
Uncertainty
Fluid-Summation
Method
Bulk-volume
measurements
Pore-volume
measurements
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
1 General Aspects
• Helium gas is often used due to its following properties:
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity • The small size of helium molecules makes the gas rapidly penetrate
small pores
• Helium is an inert gas that will not be absorbed on the rock surface and
thus yield erroneous results
2 Idealised Models
• Ideal gas law:
pV nRT
3 Measurements • In case of vacuum inside the sample chamber:
of Porosity
p1V1 p2V
• Assuming adiabatic conditions, we obtains:
p1Vref p2 (Vref Vs Vg )
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
• This technique uses the Archimedes` principle of mass
3 Measurements displacement:
of Porosity
• The core sample is first saturated with a wetting fluid and then
weighed.
• The sample is then submerged in the same fluid and its submerged
weight is measured.
1 General Aspects
• Fluids normally used:
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
• Water which can easily be evaporated afterwards.
• Mercury which normally not enters the pore space in a core sample due
to its non-wetting capability and its large interfacial energy against air.
Vb V V
dVb dm2 b dm1 b drw
m2 m1 rw
m2 m1 dm2 dm1 d w
dVb
w m2 m1 m2 m1 w
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
p0V p p1Vref nRT
p2 V p Vref nRT
of Porosity
and
Vp
p1 p2 V
p2 p0 ref
where p1 p2 p0
• It is important to notice that the Hassler core holder has to
be coupled to a volume of known reference, Vref.
• Second sub sample gives the volume of gas, Vg2 , and the rock`s bulk
volume, Vb2.
Also: Vg 2
fg S g
•
Vb 2
Ws1
Ws1 Vb1 appand Ws 2 Vb 2 app Vb1 Vb 2
Ws 2
2 Idealised Models
V Vw1
3 Measurements
of Porosity f o o1 S o fw S w
Vb1 Vb1
• The sum of the fluid-volume factor then gives the porosity value:
f o f w f g S o S w S g
p1 V1 Vm
p1V1 p0V0
Vm
p1 p0
Developers References Back Next
Titlepage
Porosity Estimation from Geophysical Well Logs
Topic Overview
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
• Porosity can be estimated from:
3 Measurements
of Porosity
– Formation resistivity factor
– Microresistivity log
– Neutron-gamma log
– Density (gamma-gamma) log
– Acoustic (sonic) log
f (Vm ,V p ,Vb )
3 Measurements
of Porosity Vb
The equation can be differentiated
d dVp dVb
Vp Vb
The potential error of prosity measurement is then
2
V p Vb
2
V p Vb
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity