NOUNS

A word that names things that are

perceived by the five senses as well as
those that are not
 KINDS OF NOUNS
CONCRETE NOUNS ABSTRACT NOUNS
NOUNS THAT CAN BE NOUNS THAT NAME
SEEN AND RECOGNIZED
THINGS WITH NO
THROUGH ANY OF THE FIVE
SENSES. PHYSICAL EXISTENCE.
DRILL
 ABSTRACT

STUPIDITY
CONCRETE

PENCIL
ABSTRACT

LOVE
CONCRETE

CHAIR
CONCRETE

LAPTOP
ABSTRACT

CHAOS
 CONCRETE

BOYFRIEND
 ABSTRACT

DEPRESSION
 ABSTRACT

STRENGTH
CONCRETE

EAGLE
 COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS

 NOUNS THAT NAME NOUNS THAT NAME A

ANY PERSON, PLACE OR SPECIFIC (OR
THING OF A CERTAIN PARTICULAR) PERSON,
PLACE OR THING
KIND
1. PROPER NOUNS ALWAYS BEGIN WITH CAPITAL LETTERS.
PROPER:
The ice cream vendor found the missing child
along Rizal Street.
COMMON:
The ice cream vendor found the missing child
along that street.
2. A NAME USED TO SIMPLY INDICATE A PERSON’S ROLE IS A COMMON
NOUN.
A NAME USED TO AS A TITLE BEFORE A PERSONAL NAME IS A PROPER NOUN.
PROPER:
My Auntie Lina is very fond of dogs.
COMMON:
My auntie is very fond of dogs.
3. A NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS, THE NAME OF A PERSON TO WHOM
YOU ARE SPEAKING IS ALWAYS PROPER.

PROPER:
Please, Mom, may I hangout tonight.
COMMON:
My mom hangout out last night.
DRILL
COMMON

teacher
COMMON

town
 PROPER

Tuguegarao
 PROPER

Jose Rizal
 COMMON

shampoo
COMMON

holiday
 COMMON

CS reviewee
 PROPER

Sarah G.
 PROPER

Ayala Ave.
COMMON

street
 COUNT NOUNS MASS NOUNS

 NOUNS THAT CAN BE NOUNS THAT ARE

QUANTIFIED OR COUNTED UNCOUNTABLE AND
WITH A NUMBER QUANTIFIED BY WORDS
THAT SIGNIFY AMOUNT.
SOME DETERMINERS CAN BE USED WITH BOTH MASS AND
COUNT NOUNS, INCLUDING SOME, A LOT (OF), AND NO.

WE SHOUTED WITH A LOT OF FANS DURING THE

CONCERT.

WE SAW A LOT OF SMOKE BEFORE THE BUILDING WENT

AFLAME.
DRILL
 MASS

SOME AIR
COUNT

MONEY
MASS

WATER
 COUNT

BOTTLED WATER
 COUNT

BAG OF SAND
MASS

SAND
 MASS

ELECTRICITY
 MASS

CLOUDS
 COUNT

SLICE OF CAKE
 COUNT

CUP OF TEA
COLLECTIVE NOUNS COMPOUND NOUNS

 NOUNS USED TO NAME NOUNS MADE UP OF TWO

GROUPS OF PEOPLE OR OR MORE WORDS.
THINGS
DRILL
COLLECTIVE

JURY
 COMPOUND

SOAP OPERA
 COLLECTIVE

SCHOOL OF FISH
COLLECTIVE

BATALLION
 COMPOUND

SISTER-IN-LAW
COMPOUND

SUNGLASS
COLLECTIVE

FAMILY
COMPOUND

SUNSHINE
 COLLECTIVE

FLOCK OF BIRDS
COMPOUND

LIPSTICK
FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS IN A
SENTENCE
 AS A SUBJECT { S }
THE SUBJECT TELLS WHAT A SENTENCE IS
ABOUT.
RODRIGO DUTERTE IS OUR PRESIDENT.
S
ANNA IS A CS REVIEWEE.
EVE AND HER DOG JOG
AROUND THE PARK.
GENERINE IS GOOD IN
DANCING.
 AS A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT { SC }
THE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT TELLS MORE ABOUT THE
SUBJECT.

THE CHAMPION IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN GAMES IS

S
THE PHILIPPINES.
SC
ANNA IS A LET REVIEWEE.
RODRIGO IS THE PRESIDENT.
GENERINE IS GOOD IN
DANCING.
 AS A DIRECT OBJECT { DO }
THE DIRECT OBJECT RECEIVES THE ACTION
OF THE VERB.

THE US PRESIDENT VISITED THE PHILIPPINES.

DO
ANA SCRATCHES HER PUSSY CAT.
DELILAH IS WASHING THE DISHES.
THE ARMY BLANKET COVERED THE
SOLDIER.
 AS A INDIRECT OBJECT { IO }
THE INDIRECT OBJECT APPEARS WITH A DIRECT
OBJECT AND NAMES THE PERSON OR THING TO WHICH/TO
WHOM SOMETHING IS GIVEN TO OR DONE.

THE US PRESIDENT GAVE THE PHILIPPINES A MILLION-

IO
DOLLAR DONATION.
ELIZABETH TOLD HER FRIENDS THE
GOOD NEWS.
ROBIN BUY MARIEL A BOUQUET OF
ROSES.
THE LECTURER HANDED IN TO THE
STUDENTS THE TEST PAPERS.
 AS A OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION { OP }
THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION, AS THE
NAME IMPLIES, IT COMES AFTER A PREPOSITION.

I TOOK A CLASS IN CERAMICS THERE.

OP
ELIZABETH TOLD THE GOOD NEWS TO
HER PARENTS.
ROBIN BUY A BOUQUET OF ROSES FOR
MARIEL.
THE LECTURER HANDED IN THE TEST
PAPERS TO THE STUDENTS.
 AS OBJECT COMPLEMENT { OC }
THE OBJECT COMPLEMENT, APPEARS WITH A
DIRECT OBJECT AND RENAMES IT.

ANDREA CALLED HER CAT SWIZEE.

DO OC
JENEVIE CALLS DASSUN BABY.
BORJA READS HIS FAVORITE NOVEL,
FIFTY SHADES OF GREY.
GENERINE TAKES HER PUSSY CAT,
SWIZEE AT THE PARK.
DRILL

•THE CHAMPION IS
THE PHILIPPINES.
 THE US PRESIDENT VISITED
THE PHILIPPINES.

(VISITED WHAT? ANSWER: PHILIPPINES)

THE LIBRARIAN IS HIDING
THE NEW BOOKS IN THE
CABINET.
•(IS HIDING WHAT? ANSWER: BOOKS)
 THE US PRESIDENT GAVE THE
PHILIPPINES A MILLION-DOLLAR
DONATION.

•(GAVE TO WHOM? ANSWER: PHILIPPINES)

 PROPERTIES OF NOUNS

GENDER
REFERS TO THE BIOLOGICAL SEX OF THE NOUN’S
REFERENCE
• MASCULINE

• FEMININE
• COMMON
• NEUTER
NOTE
A. COLLECTIVE NOUNS, EVEN IF THEY REFER TO LIVING THING, ARE USED AS
NEUTER NOUNS.

The committee is living up to its standard.

The court is fulfilling its obligations.

NOTE
B. OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH POWER, STRENGTH, AND
VIOLENCE ARE USED AS MASCULINE.

Death is so cruel. He is as certain as tomorrow.

The sun fills the world with his light.

NOTE
C. OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH BEAUTY, GENTLENESS AND GRACE ARE
USED AS FEMININE.

The Philippines is known for her beauty and

magnificence.
DRILL
king QUEEN
waiter WAITRESS
prince PRINCESS
hero HEROINE
NEPHEW niece
Landlord LANDLADY
salesman SALESLADY
 CASES OF NOUNS
• NOMINATIVE
• OBJECTIVE
• POSSESSIVE
The child’s book is being colored.

The child is coloring the pictures in the book.

The pictures in the book are being colored by

the child.
• NOMINATIVE
USE THE NOMINATIVE CASE FOR THE SUBJECT, SUBJECT
COMPLEMENT, AND APPOSITIVE DESCRIBING A SUBJECT
OR A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

The child is coloring the pictures in the book.

• OBJECTIVE
USE THE OBJECTIVE CASE FOR THE DIRECT OBJECT,
INDIRECT OBJECT, OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION, OBJECT
COMPLEMENT, AND APPOSITIVE DESCRIBING AN OBJECT
OF THE PREPOSITION OR AN INDIRECT OBJECT.

The pictures in the book are being colored by

the child.
• POSSESSIVE
USE THE POSSESSIVE CASE TO SHOW
OWNERSHIP BEFORE ANOTHER NOUN.

The child’s book is being colored.

 POSSESIVE
The vendor’s product are all fresh
from the farm.
 NOMINATIVE
Gregorio del Pilar is the HERO OF
TIRAD PASS.
 OBJECTIVE
Jonathan built Jonah a
dollhouse.
 POSSESIVE
Isaiah’s lifetime goal is to
help the children in Africa.
 RULES IN THE FORMATION
POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

1. TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE OF A SINGULAR NOUN NOT

ENDING IN S, ADD ‘S TO THE SINGULAR FORM OF THE NOUN.
LION LION’S PEREZ PEREZ’S
2. TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE OF A SINGULAR NOUNS
ENDING IN S, ADD APOSTROPHE ONLY OR ‘S . HOWEVER BE
SURE TO STICK TO ONE METHOD CONSISTENTLY
THROUGHOUT A PAPER.
CLASS CLASS’S/CLASS’ LASS LASS’/LASS’S
3. TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE OF PLURAL NOUNS
ENDING IN S, ADD THE APOSTROPHE ONLY. IF THE
PLURAL FORM OF A NOUN DOES NOT END IN S,
ADD ‘S.
STUDENTS STUDENTS’
WOMEN WOMEN’S
4. A SINGULAR POSSESSIVE OF A PROPER NOUN ENDING IN
S IS USUALLY FORMED BY ADDING ‘S
ALEXIS ALEXIS’S TESS TESS’S

5. TO FORM THE POSSESSIVE OF A PLURAL NOUN, ADD

ES AND APOSTROPHE.
DOSS DOSSES’ ADAMS ADAMSES’
6. THE POSSESSIVE OF COMPOUND NOUNS IS FORMED
BY ADDING ‘S TO THE END OF THE WORD.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF’S

7. IF TWO OR MORE NOUNS ARE USED TO INDICATE

SEPARATE POSSESSION- ADD ‘S AFTER EACH NOUN.
THE PRESIDENT’S AND THE MANAGER’S DECISION
ARE DIFFERENT.
8. IF TWO OR MORE NOUNS ARE USED TOGETHER TO
INDICATE JOINT POSSESSION- ADD ‘S AFTER THE LAST
NOUN.
JON AND NED’S GARDEN IS ABOUNDING WITH
VEGETABLES.
SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
DRILL
SINGULAR

SOME OF THE CAKE

SINGULAR

ANYBODY
SINGULAR

SOMEBODY
PLURAL

SOME OF THE STUDENTS

PLURAL

SOME
SINGULAR

EACH CAKE
SINGULAR

EVERY BOY AND GIRL

SINGULAR

EACH OF THE STUDENTS

SINGULAR

NEITHER OF THE STUDENTS

EVERYBODY
SINGULAR

NEITHER THE STUDENTS NOR

THE TEACHER
SINGULAR

HALF OF THE STUDENT

PLURAL

HALF OF THE PIES

PLURAL

THE STUDENTS AS WELL AS

THE TEACHER
SINGULAR

THE TEACHER AS WELL

AS THE PRINCIPAL
PLURAL

THE TEACHER AND THE STUDENTS

PLURAL

NOT ONLY THE TEACHER BUT

ALSO THE STUDENTS
SINGULAR

5000 PESOS
SINGULAR

200 KILOMETERS
SINGULAR

HAM AND EGG

SINGULAR
10000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000
SINGULAR

STATISTICS
SINGULAR

PUTO AT DINUGUAN
SINGULAR

PAIR OF SCISSORS
SINGULAR

MEASLES
PLURAL

A NUMBER OF PUPILS
SINGULAR

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS

PLURAL

DATA
SINGULAR

CACTUS
PLURAL

CACTI
SINGULAR

THESIS
SINGULAR

FURNITURE
SINGULAR

EACH
PLURAL

MY MOTHER AND
MY TEACHER
SINGULAR

NO ONE
SINGULAR

NEITHER
PLURAL

SCISSORS
SINGULAR

THE BOY NOT

THE GIRL
SINGULAR

MANY A
PLURAL

FEW
SINGULAR

ACOUSTICS
SINGULAR

THE BOSS, AS WELL AS

THE EMPLOYEES
GENERAL RULE:

THE VERB MUST AGREE WITH THE

SUBJECT IN NUMBER.
NOTE:

A VERB WITH –S OR –ES ADDED TO IT IS

SINGULAR. THE VERBS AM, IS, HAS, AND
WAS ARE SINGULAR.
1. A phrase or clause that comes between the
subject and its verb does not affect subject-
verb agreement.

THE DOG, WHO IS CHEWING ON MY JEANS, IS USUALLY

VERY GOOD.
• THE ACTOR MOST ADMIRED BY THE STUDENTS (IS, ARE) ON
STAGE.
 THE ACTOR MOST ADMIRED BY THE STUDENTS IS ON STAGE.
THE TWO CATS THAT WERE BEING CHASED BY OUR DOG (WAS,
WERE)LAST SEEN CLIMBING A TREE.
THE TWO CATS THAT WERE BEING CHASED BY OUR DOG WERE
LAST SEEN CLIMBING A TREE.
2. Prepositional phrases that come between a
subject and its verb do not affect subject-verb
agreement

THE COLORS OF THE RAINBOW

ARE BEAUTIFUL.
3. Intervening phrases beginning with together
with, along with, in addition to, as well as and
including do not affect subject-verb agreement.

MARY AND MARIE, ALONG WITH MARS, CONDUCT READING SESSIONS IN SOLANA.
(subject) (verb)
• THE DIRECTOR, TOGETHER WITH THE PROFESSORS, (PROMOTES,
PROMOTE) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

THE DIRECTOR, TOGETHER WITH THE PROFESSORS, PROMOTES SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
4. For compound subjects joined by OR, NOR,
EITHER…OR, AND NEITHER…NOR, the verb agrees
with nearer subject
NEITHER THE MEMBERS NOR THE TEAM LEADER ACCEPTS THE RESPONSIBILITY.
(subject) (verb)
5. Compound subjects joined by and are
generally plural; therefore, plural verbs are
required.

BOB AND GEORGE ARE LEAVING.

(subject) (verb)
EXCEPTIONS:
A compound subject referring to the same
person or thing takes singular verbs.

MY COUSIN AND FRIEND LIVES IN MINDANAO.

(subject) (verb)
If the parts of the compound subject add up to
one, the compound subject is singular and
takes singular verb.

PUTO AND DINUGUAN IS SERVED IN MANG INASAL.

(subject) (verb)
If the expressions EVERY, EACH, MANY A AND NO
precede the compound subject, a singular verb is
required.

EACH DAY AND MONTH COUNTS TO A FATHER WHO TOILS FOR HIS FAMILY.
(subject) (verb)
6. The expressions EVERY, EACH, AND
MANY A… take singular verb.

EVERY LEARNER IS A POTENTIAL GENIUS.

(subject) (verb)
 7. For compound subjects consisting of a
positive and a negative subject, the verb
agrees with the positive subject.

THE PRESIDENT, NOT THE FACULTY MEMBERS, DECIDES THIS ISSUE.

(subject) (verb)
 8. A subject that comes after its verb
must still agree with it in number.
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HILL ARE TWO FARMHOUSES.
(verb) (subject)
 9. Here and there are never subjects. Use
here/there is [was, has been] with singular
subjects. Use here/there are [were, have
been] with plural subjects.
THERE IS THE CHEMICAL WE’VE BEEN LOOKING FOR.
(verb) (subject)
 10. A linking verb must agree with its
subject, regardless of the number of its
subject complement.

ONE REASON FOR HIS COMPLAINTS IS THE LOUD STEREOS.

(subject) (verb)
11. Collective nouns take singular verbs
when the group acts as a single unit. They
take plural verbs when the members act as
separate individual.
THE JURY WERE UNABLE TO AGREE ON THE VERDICT.
(subject) (verb)
 12. Nouns plural in form but singular in
meaning take singular verb.
MUMPS IS ONE OF THE MOST UNCOMFORTABLE DISEASES.
(subject) (verb)
 13. Nouns plural in form and in use take
plural verbs.
Belongings proceeds goods
Tidings winnings riches

THE DRY GOODS INSIDE THE TRUCK WERE CONFISCATED BY CUSTOM OFFICERS.
(subject) (verb)
14. Words such as glasses, pants, and scissors
take plural verbs. If the singular verbs are desired,
qualifying words such as a pair of have to be used.

THE PANTS WERE BURNED WHEN MY SISTER PRESSED IT.

(subject) (verb)
15. Non-count nouns such as advice, information, jewelry,
luggage and equipment take singular verbs. If plural verbs
are desired the following phrases can be used: pieces of,
slices of, bits of, strands of, bolts of, wisps of, etc.
MY LUGGAGE WAS BOXED BY MY GRANDFATHER.
(subject) (verb)
16. Titles of books, articles, works of art and
establishments, even if they look plural,
always take singular verbs.

THE BURBS IS A MOVIE STARRING TOM HANKS.

17. Amounts of money, units of
measurement, and periods of time take
singular verbs.

FIVE DOLLARS IS TOO MUCH TO ASK.

(subject) (verb)
18. Fractions may take singular or plural verbs
depending on the OF phrase. Note that the
expressions half of, a part of, a percentage of, and a
majority of also follow this rule.
HALF OF THE CHICKENS WERE SOLD YESTERDAY.
(subject) (verb)
19. Arithmetical operations take singular
verb.
THIRTY DIVIDED BY FIFTEEN IS EQUAL TO TWO.
20. The subject agrees with the verbs do and does
when used with main verbs. Does and doesn’t are
singular while do and don’t are plural.
THEY DON’T MAKE MOVIES ANYMORE.
(subject) (verb)
21. The expression the number takes
singular verbs while the expression a
number takes plural verbs.
THE NUMBER OF VOTERS IS BELOW THE EXPECTED TURNOUT.
(verb)
22. The expression one of the… who takes
plural verbs while the expression only one
of the…who takes singular verbs.
HE IS ONE OF THE ATHLETES WHO TRAIN THE PUPILS HOW TO PLAY SOCCER.
(subject) (verb)
• SHARMAINE (WRITE, WRITES) REMARKABLE
POEMS EVEN AT HER YOUNG AGE.

 SHARMAINE WRITES REMARKABLE POEMS

EVEN AT HER YOUNG AGE.
• Eve is the only one of the chefs who (talks,
talk) to the customers.

 Eve is the only one of the chefs who talks to

the customers.
There (is, are) the chemical we’ve been looking for.

There IS the chemical we’ve been looking for.

 Three-quarters of the cake (was, were) eaten by
my brother.

Three-quarters of the cake was eaten by my

brother.
THE TEACHERS, NOT THE STUDENT (DISTRIBUTE,
DISTRIBUTES) DIFFERENT OUTLINES.

THE TEACHERS, NOT THE STUDENT DISTRIBUTE

DIFFERENT OUTLINES.
Four multiplied by four divided by two
(is, are) eight.

Four multiplied by four divided by two

is eight.
The business managers, not the
treasurer, (buy, buys) office supply.

The business managers, not the

treasurer, buy office supply.
DRILL
NOMINATIVE

HE
POSSESIVE

THEIRS
OBJECTIVE

THEM
NOMINATIVE /
OBJECTIVE

IT
OBJECTIVE/
POSSESIVE

HIS
NOMINATIVE

I
NOMINATIVE

WE
POSSESIVE

YOURS
NOMINATIVE

THEY
POSSESIVE

OURS
NOMINATIVE

SHE
NOMI-OBJECT

YOU
POSSESIVE

HERS
POSSESIVE

MINE
OBJECT/ POSSESIVE

ITS
OBJECTIVE

ME
OBJECTIVE

HIM
OBJECTIVE

HER
 PRONOUNS
Words that stands for nouns or words
that take the place of nouns.
 ANTECEDENTS OF
PRONOUNS
Antecedents are nouns for which pronouns stand.
These are the nouns that pronouns stand for.

FRED, DID YOU SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE LAST

MEETING?
Antecedents usually come before their
pronouns. Sometimes, however, this pattern is
reversed.

THAT IS THE BEST BOOK I HAVE EVER READ.

ALEX, THESE ARE GREAT POTATOES.

Pronouns usually have specific
antecedents. Some do not.

WHAT DID THE INTERVIEWERS ASK ABOUT YOU?

EVERYONE ATE EVERYTHING THAT WAS OFFERED.

 KINDS OF PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Refer to the person speaking, the
person spoken to, or the person, place
or thing spoken about.
 SINGULAR
NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE
FIRST PERSON I ME MINE
SECOND PERSON YOU YOU YOURS
THIRD PERSON
MaSCULINE HE HIS HIS
FEMININE SHE HER HERS
NEUTER IT IT [ ITS ]
EXAMPLE:
I AM A FILIPINO, BORN OF FREEDOM.

HE GIVES US STRENGTH, WISDOM, AND COURAGE.

 PLURAL
NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE

FIRST PERSON
WE US OURS
SECOND PERSON
YOU YOU YOURS

THIRD PERSON
THEY THEM THEIRS
EXAMPLE:
WE SHOULD TRUST IN THE LORD’S GUIDANCE.

THEY LOVE TO GIVE SLIPPERS TO THE STREET

CHILDREN.
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
REFERS TO PRONOUNS THAT INDICATE
OWNERSHIP
NOTE:
THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF PRONOUNS IS NEVER
FORMED WITH APOSTROPHES.
EXAMPLE:
GIVING GIFTS TO THE AGTAS IN DECEMBER IS
MY IDEA.
THE IDEA OF GIVING GIFTS TO THE AGTAS IN
DECEMBER IS MINE.
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN ALWAYS ADDS
INFORMATION TO A SENTENCE. IT CANNOT BE LEFT
OUT WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING OF THE
SENTENCE.

ENDS IN –SELF OR -SELVES

 REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON MYSELF OURSELVES
SECOND PERSON YOURSELF YOURSELVES

THIRD PERSON HIMSELF, HERSELF, THEMSELVES

ITSELF
 INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

SIMPLY ADDS EMPHASIS TO A NOUN

OR PRONOUN IN THE SAME SENTENCE.
EXAMPLE:
THE DEAN HIMSELF ATTENDS TO THE
CONCERNS OF THE STUDENTS.
THE DEAN HIMSELF ATTENDS TO THE
CONCERNS OF THE STUDENTS.
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Direct attention to specific people,
places, or things.

SINGULAR PLURAL
This, that These, those
EXAMPLE:
THIS IS THE COUNTRY KNOWN AS
THE PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS.
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
There are only 5 relative pronouns
that which who whom whose

Begin a subordinate clause and connect it to

another idea in the sentence
EXAMPLE:
Independent clause Subordinate clause
The driver returned the money that the passenger left.

Independent clause Subordinate clause

Andres is the contestant whose research was the best.
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Used to begin questions
There are only 5 interrogative pronouns
what which who whom whose

Note that when, why, where, and how are not pronouns.
EXAMPLE:
WHICH OF THE FRUITS IS THE
BEST THE ELDERLY?
 RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Used to indicate the action being done by the actor
to the receiver and by the receiver to the actor.

THE STUDENTS HELPED ONE ANOTHER IN

PREPARING GAMES FOR THE STREET
CHILDREN
Note that when two entities are involved, the pronoun
used is each other, if more than two, it is one another.

REFLEXIVE VS RECIPROCAL
JUST BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE, THE CHOIR MEMBERS MASSAGED
EACH OTHER.

JUST BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE, THE CHOIR MEMBERS

MASSAGED THEMSELVES.
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Refer to people, places, or things, often
without specifying which one.
THE ACTRESS FUNDED THE REBUILDING OF SCHOOLS.

HER NIECE HELPED THE OLD MAN CROSS THE STREET.

 Indefinite pronouns
singular
someone No one everyone little
somebody anything everybody each
something No one everything one
anyone nobody another other
anybody nothing Either/ much
neither
Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns
Plural Singular/Plural
both all
any
few
more
many
most
others none
several some
CASES OF PRONOUNS
• NOMINATIVE/ SUBJECT PRONOUN
A SUBJECT PRONOUN CAN BE USE AS A
SUBJECT OR A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT IN A
SENTENCE.

I watched the movie, The Minions, twice.

• OBJECTIVE/ OBJECT PRONOUNS
AN OBJECT PRONOUN CAN BE USED AS A DIRECT OBJECT,
INDIRECT OBJECT, OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION.

Flower prints on men’s wear bother me.

DO
• POSSESSIVE/ POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN DENOTES A SENSE OF
BELONGING, AS IN ACTUAL OWNERSHIP.

This iPen6 is hers.

The video presentation on the table is theirs.

 PRONOUN-
ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
GENERAL RULE
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
number, person, and gender.

OUR DOG IS SICK. IT NEVER GOES OUT OF OUR HOUSE.

AGREEMENT IN NUMBER
Use a singular personal pronoun with two or
more singular antecedents joined by or or nor.
WE TOLD NEITHER JACK NOR SILAS THAT HE WILL JOIN
THE PROJECT.
AGREEMENT IN NUMBER
Use a plural personal pronoun with two or
more antecedents joined by and.
CRIS AND SIMON PLAY WELL IN BADMINTON; THEY WILL BE
TEAMING UP IN THE INTARMURALS.
MARIE AND MARIE WANT TO SHARE THEIR SAVINGS WITH THE
CHILDREN OF A FAR-FLUNG SCHOOL.
AGREEMENT IN PERSON AND GENDER
Take care not to shift either person or gender.
Shift in person Ara is studying Arabic, a language you will need at work.
correct Ara is studying Arabic, a language she will need at work

Cebu is noted for its musical activities as well as her

other cultural highlights
Cebu is noted for its musical activities as well as its
other cultural highlights
COLLECTIVE NOUNS: A SPECIAL CASE
Collective nouns, even when denoting people are
referred to in the nominative case by it if singular and
they if plural.

THE COMMITTEE FINALIZED ITS LIST OF RECOMMENDEES.

ALL THE PARTICIPATING CHOIRS INTERPRETED THEIR
BEST MODERN COMPOSITIONS.
THE USE OF GENERIC MASCULINE PRONOUN
When the gender of an antecedent is not
specified, use a masculine personal pronoun.
Gender Every doctor should treat his patients equally.
bias
Better Every doctor should treat their patients equally.
Every doctor should treat patients equally.
Every doctor should treat his/her patients
equally.
AGREEMENT IN INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Use a plural personal pronoun if the antecedent is a plural
indefinite pronoun. Use a singular personal pronoun if the
antecedent is a singular indefinite pronoun.

EACH OF THE GIRLS HANDED IN HER ASSIGNMENT ON TIME.

BOTH OF THE WOMEN URGED THE COMMITTEE TO CONTINUE
THE PROGRAM. THE NEEDED SUPPORT CAME FROM THEM.
AGREEMENT W INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
For indefinite pronouns that can either be singular or
plural, agreement depends on the antecedent of the
indefinite pronoun ( or the of phrase )

SOME OF THE PAINT HAD LOST ITS SHEEN.

MOST OF THE TEACHERS FORGOT THEIR MANUALS.

AGREEMENT W REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
A reflexive pronoun requires an antecedent that is
either clearly stated or clearly understood.

Poor The messenger brought Pete and myself the

good news.
Correct The messenger brought Pete and me the good
news.
PROBLEMS IN PRONOUN AGREEMENT
A personal pronoun must agree with an
antecedent that is clearly stated.
Poor The movie was disappointing because they
never made the characters seem realistic.

Correct The movie was disappointing because it never

made the characters seem realistic.
PROBLEMS IN PRONOUN AGREEMENT
A personal pronoun should always refer to a
single, obvious antecedent.
Poor I put the letter in a book, but I’ve lost it.
Correct I put the letter in a book, but I’ve lost the
book.
I can’t find the letter that I put in a book.
PROBLEMS IN PRONOUN AGREEMENT
Use the personal pronoun YOU only when the
reference is true to the reader or the listener.
Poor In ancient Rome, the emperors often made
you offer sacrifices as a sign of your loyalty.
Correct In ancient Rome, the emperors often made
citizens offer sacrifices as a sign of their
loyalty.
VERBS
Words that express time while showing an
action, a condition, or the fact that
something exists.
EXAMPLE:
EMILIO THREW THE BALL.

MANUEL IS VERY HAPPY.

SERGIO AND JOSE WERE HERE.

KINDS OF VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Tells what actions someone or something
did, does, or will do.

ELPIDIO POINTED THE FENCE.

RAMON THOUGHT ABOUT THE PROBLEM
A. TRANSITIVE VERBS
Has a direct object in the sentence
CARLOS BAKED CAKES FOR THE CELEBRATION.

THE CAMERA TOOK CLEAR PICTURES.

B. INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Has no direct object in the sentence
KAYLA DANCED GRACEFULLY.

DIOSDADO SMILED HAPPILY.

 LINKING VERBS
Connects, links, or joins two or more words
in a sentence.
THE FEVERISH CHILD IS MISERABLE.

FERDINAND MARCOS WAS THE PRESIDENT FROM

1965-1986.
Note: The forms of be do not always function as
linking verb. They may express existence, usually
by showing where something is located.

YOUR SHIRT IS IN THE CLOSET.

THERE ARE SEVERAL MISTAKES IN THAT ARTICLE.

 VERBS APPEALING TO THE SENSES
APPEAR FEEL
LOOK SEEM
SOUND TASTE
BECOME GROW
REMAIN SMELL
STAY TURN
 LINKING VERB OR ACTION VERB
THE BREEZE FELT COOL.
LINKING VERB
THE BREEZE IS COOL.

CORAZON FELT THE SAND.

CORAZON IS THE SAND.
ACTION VERB
 HELPING VERB

SOMETIMES CALLED AUXILIARY VERBS OR

AUXILIARIES BECAUSE THEY HELP ADD MEANING TO
OTHER VERBS.
 May be Had been
Might be Could have been
Must be May have been
Shall be Might have been
Should be Must have been
Will be Shall have been
Would be Should have been
Will have been Would have been
 The forms of BE
Am Am being
Are Are being
Is Is being
Was Was being
Were Were being
Can be Have been
Could be Has been
HELPING VERBS OTHER THAN THE FORMS OF BE
DO HAD CAN
DOES SHALL COULD
DID SHOULD MAY
HAVE WILL MIGHT
HAS WOULD MUST
WITHOUT HELPING WITH HELPING VERBS
VERBS
I TALK WITH THE SECRETARY. I WILL TALK TO THE
SECRETARY.

THE CLERK RETURNED THE THE CLERK SHOULD HAVE

FILES. RETURNED THE FILES
UNINTERRUPTED VP INTERRUPTED VP
THE DOCTOR WILL SEE HIS THE DOCTOR WILL
PATIENTS TODAY. PROBABLY SEE HIS PATIENTS
TODAY.
WILL THE DOCTOR SEE HIS
PATIENTS TODAY?

Note: Other words may sometimes separate the

helping verbs from the main verbs in sentences.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS
Use to denote the time of the action
• PRESENT TENSE • PAST TENSE
• PAST PARTICIPLE TENSE
• PRESENT PARTICIPLE TENSE
 PRESENT TENSE (BASE FORM)

Same as the base form

If the subject is third person singular, -s or
es is added to the verb
 PAST TENSE
Formed by adding –d or –ed for regular
verbs

Formed by changing some letters within

irregular verbs
 PAST PARTICIPLE TENSE
Formed by adding –d or –ed for regular
verbs

Formed by changing some letters within

irregular verbs
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE TENSE

Formed by adding –ing to the base

form
DRILL
 ARISE
(PAST)
 ARISE
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 BEAT
(PAST)
 BEAT
(PAST PARTICLE)
 BEND
(PAST)
 BEND
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 BLEED
(PAST)
 BLEED
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 BLOW
(PAST)
 BLOW
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
BREAK
(PAST)
 BREAK
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
CATCH
(PAST)
 CATCH
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 HEAR
(PAST)
 HEAR
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
KNOW
(PAST)
 KNOW
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
DRINK
(PAST)
 DRINK
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
FREEZE
(PAST)
 FREEZE
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 HOLD
(PAST)
 HOLD
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
GROW
(PAST)
 GROW
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 FALL
(PAST)
 FALL
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
DRAW
(PAST)
 DRAW
(PAST PARTICIPLE)
 GIVE
(PAST)
 GIVE
(PAST PARTICLE)
 GO
(PAST)
 GO
(PAST PARTICLE)
FORGET
(PAST)
 FORGET
(PAST PARTICLE)
 SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
[ CONTINUATION ]
1. The pronoun “I” takes the be verb “am” when the
action is in present tense and “was” when the
action is in past tense. The pronoun “we” takes
plural verbs.

I AM THE POWERHOUSE OF THIS COUNTRY’S FUTURE.

I WAS INSPIRED BY THE MESSAGE OF THE GUEST.

When the verb is not be, the pronoun “I”
takes plural verbs.

I ENJOY THE COMPANY OF PEOPLE WHO SHARE MY LOVE FOR

BOOKS.

I ENCOURAGE YOUTH TO PARTICIPATE IN BRGY. MEETINGS.

2. The third person personal pronouns
she, he, it take singular verbs while the
pronoun they takes plural verbs.
SHE EXPLAINS EVERY CONCEPT VERY WELL.

THEY ACCEPT OUTPUTS FROM EVERYONE.

3. The pronoun you always takes plural
verbs. It is the context which communicates
whether you is singular or plural.

YOU ARE THE CHAMPION IN ESSAY WRITING CONTEST.

YOU WERE THE STUDENT IN-CHARGE FOR
DOCUMENTATION.
4. Singular indefinite pronouns take
singular verbs.

ONE OF THE TWINS DOES NOT AGREE WITH THE PLAN.

MUCH HAS BEEN SAID, BUT NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE.

5. Plural indefinite pronouns take
plural verbs.
MANY ARE CALLED, BUT FEW ARE CHOSEN.

OTHERS FAVOR THE PROPOSAL.

6. Indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most, none,
and some may take singular or plural verbs
depending on the of phrase or the referent.

ALL OF THE SOUP IS SPOILED.

ALL OF THE CONTESTANTS ARE AMIABLE TO THE RESULT
7. Pronouns either or neither are singular and
require singular verbs even though they seem
to be referring, in a sense, to two things.

NEITHER OF THE TWO DESKTOPS IS FUNCTIONING.

EITHER OF THE SHIRTS IS FINE WITH ME.

8. Pronoun each is singular. Even if its of
phrase is plural, singular verbs are still
used with it.
EACH HAS A TASK TO FINISH.

EACH OF THE OFFICERS OFFERS GIFTS TO THE STREET

CHILDREN.
9. Relative pronoun who, that, and which assume the
number of their antecedent. In effect, the verb agrees
with the antecedent. However, when the expression
only one of the… is present, the verb is singular.

KA TASYO IS THE CHIEFTAIN, WHO ADVOCATES THE

PRESERVATION OF ETHNIC CULTURE.

SHE IS THE ONLY ONE OF THE MANAGERS WHO COMPLAINS

ABOUT SEXISM.
10. Interrogative pronouns who and what,
when used as subjects, assume the number
of the nouns they are eliciting.

WHO HAVE THE BEST SIX JOBS IN THE WORLD?

WHAT ARE THE REMEDIES TO THE PROBLEM PRESENTED?

11. An adverb that comes between the
subject and the verb does not affect
subject-verb agreement.
A MUSICAL ALWAYS MAKES UP FOR GOOD ENTERTAINMENT.

THE AMATEUR SINGER SOMETIMES COMES UP WITH

INTERESTING INTERPRETATIONS.
12. An adjective preceded with the, when
used as a subject, requires plural verbs.

BLESSED ARE THE POOR.

ONLY THE GOOD DIE YOUNG.
13. Comparatives and superlatives are generally
interpreted as singular, although the context of
the sentence is the deciding factor.

THE WORST IS YET TO COME.

 TENSES OF VERBS
A form of the verb that shows the time of an
action or a condition.

It tells you if something is happening now,

was happening at some time in the past, or
will be happening at some time in the future.
 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Used to show present action or condition.
Metro Manila is dirty and overpopulated.
Used for statement held to be generally true at the
moment of speaking…, present fact.

The Philippines is the most industrialized

country in Southeast Asia.
Used to show general truth or permanent condition.
The Earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Used to show habitual action or condition.

Bicolanos cook many dishes with coconut
milk and chili.
Used for a commentary about an ongoing activity
The protest at Liwanag Bonifacio causes heavy traffic.

Used for a narration of a past event whose present relevance is

being emphasized to make narration vivid…, Historical present

Andres Bonifacio calls Katipuneros to

Balintawak to rally against the Spaniards.
Used for a statement about what a document states or
what a film or video shows.
The 1987 Constitution provides for the creation of 3
constitutional commissions.
Used for a statement which will be true in the future…,
simple futurity. especially some prearranged activity

Some Filipino soldiers go to Syria again next

month to join the UN Peacekeeping Corps.
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Used to show completed action or condition
Father was terribly depressed yesterday.
Used to show statement which was true in the past
but no longer true at the moment.
The Philippines was the best English-
speaking country in Asia.
 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Used to show future action or condition

The room will be warm soon.
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Used to show a recently completed action. This is usually
used with the adverbs JUST and ALREADY.
The Philippines has just eased the rising prices of rice.
Used for a statement about a past action that was
repeated, and is likely to be repeated
Time and again, scholars have pointed at the indolence of
Filipinos.
Used for statement which was true in the past and is still
relevant to the present.

Members of political dynasties have figured

prominently in politics.

 Used to show an action that happened at an

indefinite time.
Manuela has already finished her project in Natural
Science
Used for a statement about an extraordinary
achievement done for the first.

Man has landed from the moon.

 PAST PERFECT TENSE
Used for an action which was completed before another
past action or past time reference. it expresses the
earlier of two past actions.

The class had dismissed before the bell rang.

The train had left when we reached the station.

 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Used to express an action that will be completed
before another future action or future time
reference.
I shall have slept by the time father arrives.
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that is going on at the
moment of speaking.

We are discussing progressive tenses now.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that was going on
when another past action occurred.
I was sleeping when my phone rang.
Used to express a continuing action that
started and ended in the past
She was singing all afternoon yesterday.
 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that will be going
on at time to come.

The team will be practicing during July and

August.
 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that started in
the past and continues to the present.

Erika has been sitting there for three hours.

 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that had been going
on before being interrupted by another action.

The class had been discussing the trip to the

museum when the principal arrived.
 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Used to express an action that will be going on
before a definite future time or future action.

Glenn shall have been writing the company report

by March 2021.
 VERBAL
VERBAL IS DEFINED AS A WORD FORMED
FROM A VERB THAT ACTS AS A NOUN, AN
ADJECTIVE, OR AN ADVERB
 VERBAL PHRASE
A VERBAL WITH ALL ITS MODIFIERS AND COMPLEMENTS
Shouting in the library is not permitted.
The people standing in line have waited for hours.
KINDS OF VERBALS
AND
VERBAL PHRASES
1. GERUND
A verb form that acts as a noun and always end in –ing

GERUND PHRASE
gerund with all its complements and
modifiers acting together as a noun.
Arguing about grades will get you nowhere.
The park prohibits walking on the grass.
2. PARTICIPLE
A form of verb that can act as an adjective
(1) present participle which ends in –ing
(entertaining, writing)
(2) past participle which usually ends in –d or –
ed (entertained, written)
Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
Confused, Nancy returned to her interrupted work.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
A participle modified by an adverb or
accompanied by a complement acting
together as an adjective
The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes, stumbled.

The mural painted in 1497 is almost beyond repair.

3. INFINITIVE
A form of a verb that generally appears with TO
and functions as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb
INFINITIVE PHRASE
An infinitive with all its complements and modifiers
acting together as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb

To understand requires maturity and acceptance.

Words that modify pronouns, nouns and noun
phrase.

Positive (no comparison)

Comparative (comparing two things)
Superlative (comparing 2 or more things)
DOSSACOMQ
E P I H G O R A U
T I A
Z A E L I T
E N
E P O G E L
R I
I
M O E R I R
I N F
N I
N I
A E
E
R L R
DRILL
BIG ENVELOPE
LONG BROWN
 ANTIQUE VASE
THREE INDIAN TALL
 SQUARE BOOK
THICK FUCHSIA
UNCOVERED
TERRIBLE THREE
OLD STUDENTS
PIGS FOUR BIG
CHUBBY
FRUIT SLICES OF
THREE GREEN
DRILL
ON

EDSA
IN

QUEZON CITY
IN

REGION 02
IN

CAGAYAN VALLEY
ON

BORDER LINE
IN
IN

PHILIPPINES
AT

PARTY
AT

2:30
IN

MORNING
ON

TAFT STREET
IN

WINTER
IN

1990’S
IN

LAOAG CITY
AT

#185 SALVANERA
STREET
IN

BRGY. WALANGHIYA
ON

PLANE
ON

RADIO
AT

LUNCH
IN

AFTERNOON
AT

DUSK
IN

20 CENTURY
TH
IN

(IN, ON) THE

MAGAZINE
ON

JUNE 12, 2018

IN

JANUARY 2019
ON

JUNE 12, 1995

ON

THIRD FLOOR
ON

INTERNET
ON

SHIP
ON

JANUARY 27
AT
IT’S BETTER TO GET
TAXI IF YOU ARE OUT
ALONE _______ NIGHT.
IN
SHE GOT MARRIED
_________
SEPTEMBER.
 COMMOM
GRAMMATICAL
ERRORS
 PARALLELISM
The placement of equal ideas in words,
phrases, or clauses of similar types
Parallel Words: The board reviewed several aspects of the
plan: social, financial, and educational.
Parallel Phrases: She loves to swim in the ocean and
to fish at the lake.
Parallel Clauses: We wondered what was in the box, where
it came from, who had sent it, and why it
had not been unwrapped.
ITEMS IN A SERIES MUST HAVE PARALLEL
STRUCTURE.
Parallelism looks like this:

Shane , , and .

Shane , , and .
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burped with contentment.

Ate = past tense verb;

wiped = past tense
verb; and burped =
past tense verb.
 FAULTY PARALLELISM

Results when ideas of equal importance are not

expressed in equal grammatical structures

I love reading, writing, and to sketch pictures.

DON’T CREATE PROBLEMS BY MIXING GRAMMATICAL
ELEMENTS.

Non-parallel structure looks like this:

Shane , , and .

Shane , , and .
THE PROBLEM LOOKS LIKE
THIS:
Shane ate the pizza, wiped his lips, and
burping with contentment.

Now look what you’ve

done! Ate and wiped
= past tense verbs, but
burping = present
participle!
Faulty parallelism: Many people in the developing
countries suffer because the countries lack sufficient
housing to accommodate them, sufficient food to feed
them, and their healthcare facilities are inadequate.
Corrected sentence: Many people in the developing
countries suffer because the countries lack sufficient
housing to accommodate them, sufficient food to feed
them, and sufficient healthcare facilities to serve
them.
 FRAGMENT
a group of words that does not
express a complete thought
results from capitalizing and punctuating
phrases, subordinate clauses, or words in a
series as if they were complete sentences
HOW TO RECTIFY FRAGMENTS

By linking up with words that come before

or after it
Fragment: Thinking of victory. The college representative
did his best.
Corrected sentence: Thinking of victory, the college
representative did his best.
HOW TO RECTIFY FRAGMENTS

By adding words to express a complete thought

Fragment : When the right time comes.

Completed Sentence: When the right time comes, I will
expose the truth.
RUN-ONS
Two or more sentences that are capitalized and
punctuated as if they were one
Can be corrected by using punctuation, conjunctions, or
other means to join or separate the parts

With No Punctuation: Will summer ever come we doubt

it very much.
COMMA SPLICE
Two or more independent clauses connected with
only a comma

With Only a Comma: Edith slumped into a chair, the worst had
happened.
MISPLACED MODIFIER
Appears to modify the wrong word in a sentence;
thus, causing confusion for the reader

Misplaced Modifier: Growing wild in the forest,

we picked the tiny blossoms.
Corrected sentence: We picked the tiny blossoms
growing wild in the forest.
 RECTIFYING MISPLACED MODIFIERS
Correct a misplaced modifier by moving it closer to
the word it should logically modify.
Misplaced Modifier: The lake attracted many birds with
gentle waves.

Corrected Sentence: The lake with gentle waves

attracted many birds.
DANGLING MODIFIER
Appears to modify the wrong word or no word at all
because the word it should logically modify is
missing
Dangling Modifier: Pausing to congratulate Margarita,
the conversation continued.
Corrected Sentence: Pausing to congratulate Margarita,
we continued the conversation.
 RECTIFYING Dangling MODIFIERS
Correct a dangling modifier by rewriting the
sentence to include the missing word.
Dangling Modifier: Looking at the stars, a meteor
flashed across the sky.
Corrected Sentence: Looking at the stars, we saw a
meteor flash across the sky.
 ZERO CONDITIONAL
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL IS USED FOR THINGS THAT ARE ALWAYS TRUE AS LONG
AS THE CONDITION IS MET.
FORM:
[IF + PRESENT SIMPLE], [PRESENT SIMPLE]

EXAMPLE:
IF YOU HEAT WATER UNTIL 100 DEGREES CELSIUS, IT BOILS.
IF I DRINK TOO MUCH COFFEE, I GET A HEADACHE.
 FIRST CONDITIONAL
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL IS USED TO PREDICT THE RESULT OF A FUTURE ACTION (THINGS WHICH MIGHT
HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE).

FORM:
[IF + PRESENT SIMPLE], [WILL + INFINITIVE]

EXAMPLE:
IF SHE GETS GOOD GRADES, SHE WILL GO TO UNIVERSITY.
YOU’LL FAIL THE EXAM IF YOU DON’T DO MORE WORK.
 SECOND CONDITIONAL
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL IS USED TO TALK ABOUT SITUATIONS THAT ARE
UNLIKELY OR UNREAL. IT CAN REFER TO THE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE.

FORM:
[IF + PAST SIMPLE], [WOULD + INFINITIVE]

EXAMPLE:
IF I WERE YOU, I WOULDN’T DO IT.
IF I WERE A BOY, I WOULD TREAT YOU BETTER.
 THIRD CONDITIONAL
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL IS USED TO SPECULATE ABOUT THE IMAGINARY RESULT
OF THINGS WHICH DIDN’T HAPPEN.

FORM:
[ I F + PA S T P E R F E C T ] , [ W O U L D H AV E + PA S T PA R T I C I P L E ]

EXAMPLE:
IF YOU HAD STUDIED HARDER, YOU WOULD HAVE PASSED YOUR EXAMS.
WE WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN LATE, IF WE HADN’T MISSED THE BUS.
Something different to what it says on the
surface.
Its raining cats and dogs.
He is the apple of my eye.
Literal language means exactly what it says.

Its raining cats and dogs.

He is the apple of my eye.

Compares two unrelated things or ideas
using “like” or “as”.
The soldier stood as rigid as a tree.
The color of your skin is like the color
of a charcoal.
Compares two different or unrelated things
to reveal new qualities.

The man was a rock when things got

difficult.
The children are little treasures.
Adding a human trait to an inanimate
object.

The trees were dancing with the wind.

The flowers begged for water.
Over exaggerated description or sentence

When she smiles, her cheeks fall off.

My bag weighs a ton.

Opposite meaning of a word.

He was so intelligent, that he failed all

his test
Your make up is cool, you look
like a clown.
Usage of contradictory terms to describe an
object, situation or incident.

Life is bitter sweet.

He is the wisest fool of them all.
Used to replicate sounds created by objects,
action, animals and people.

Quack-quack-quack
Meow-meow-meow.
A part of something is used to refer to its
whole.

Describing a whole vehicle as “wheels”

Using the word “sails” instead of “ship”
Same consonant sound repeats in a group of
words.
Bob brought the box of bricks to the
basement.
Same vowel sound repeats in a group of
words.

The squeaky wheel gets the grease.

Eye to eye, so alive. We’re beautiful like

diamonds in the sky.
Used when a person who is absent or
nonexistent is spoken to.

O wind, where have you been?