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   Vol. 33 pp. 319-338

Jeff Hanna
April 26, 2006
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` imulus for unders anding effec s of urbulence
‡Engine ³knocking´
‡Turbulence plays a significan role

Ricardo ± Early 1900¶s

‡Unders and urbulence and i s effec on knock
‡Early fuel had very low oc ane
‡Ei her limi compression ra io or increase urbulence
‡Inves iga e overhead valve engines and fla -head engines

Na ional Advisory Commi ee for Aeronau ics ± Mid 1900¶s

‡Performed wo research projec s on a simula ed cylinder of
an aircraf engine o measure in ernal urbulence

Obukhov ± 1970¶s
‡`ignifican research on swirling mo ions in ellipsoids
‡Found wo ypes of ins abili ies



Main reason o inves iga e urbulence effec s: ³knock´

Au o-igni ion of gasoline-air mix ure ha occurs above a cer ain

empera ure and pressure. If he mix ure igni es before i is
supposed o, he engine canno func ion properly.

This au o-igni ion reac ion akes ime, and mus no be comple ed
before he spark induced flame reaches all of he gases

Turbulence increases he flame speed, hereby decreasing he

amoun of ime ha he end gases mus wai .
-Desire o induce urbulence

Tumble is a ro a ional mo ion abou an axis perpendicular o ha

of he cylinder


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Very low oc ane con en ra ing ± prone o knocking

‡Keep compression ra io low ± sacrifices performance
‡Use urbulence o increase flame speed
‡Al er shape of combus ion chamber

Through lo s of es ing, Ricardo became convinced ha he higher

efficiency of overhead valve engines (compared o fla -head valve)
was due o much grea er urbulence, shor er flame ravel, and was
hus less prone o de ona e


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Overhead Valve Engine Ricardo¶s Fla -head Valve Engine

De K Dykes e al (1965)

Lee (1939)


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Ricardo¶s Fla -head Valve Engine

1. Concen ra e main volume of

chamber over he valves,
leaving minimum clearance
3 be ween pis on and cylinder
1 head
2 2. Chilled por ion of charge
rapped in laminum so i
could no de ona e (squish)
3. `hor ened flame ravel by
moving sparkplug o he
cen er of he chamber
De K Dykes e al (1965)


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Ricardo was able o ob ain he same power ou pu as an overhead
valve engine of he same dimensions.

Therefore, urbulence levels can be assumed o be comparable

In general, urbulence levels in an engine cylinder scale wi h he mean
pis on speed.
‡ An overhead valve engine wi h umble reaches a RM` urbulen veloci y
of scale mean pis on speed
‡ An engine wi hou squish reaches RM` urbulen veloci y of ½ mean
pis on speed
‡ Es ima ing he RM` urbulen veloci y for squish reveals ½ mean pis on
speed
‡ Combine his wi h he ½ residual o ob ain a RM` urbulen veloci y of
scale mean pis on speed ± jus like an overhead valve engine.
    $%
In 1938, he Na ional Advisory Commi ee for Aeronau ics
performed wo experimen s on a simula ed aircraf engine cylinder.

Using a glass cylinder and high speed

camera, hey were able o calcula e
speeds of chopped goose down in an
overhead valve cylinder wi h 4 valves.

De ermined RM` urbulen veloci y o

be approxima ely 1.6 imes he mean
pis on speed, wi h small amoun s of
umble.

Lee (1939)
    $%

Using shrouds on he valves

placed in various posi ions as
shown here, NACA
de ermined ha he RM`
urbulence veloci ies
increased o abou 2.6 imes
he mean pis on speed, wi h
much more umble.

Lee (1939)
    $%
In heir second experimen , hey removed
he glass cylinder and ins ead pu a glass
window in place of he exhaus valves.

Observed ha he highes urbulence level

during early combus ion was from
shrouding arrangemen s D, G and F,
which were expec ed o produce he
highes levels of urbulence.

The conclusion from hese experimen s

was ha he higher levels of urbulence
were direc ly propor ional o he gas
Lee (1939)
veloci ies flowing hrough he valves.

  &!"#
Analyses of dynamical behavior of umbling mo ion in ellipsoids ha
can be u ilized for flow in an engine cylinder.

Obukhov e al considered an incompressible, inviscid fluid sys em

and found ha he simples non- rivial sys em is a riple which can
be wri en in canonical form shown here, and which are he same as
Euler¶s equa ions for force-free mo ion of a rigid body.

  &!"#
From he rigid body equa ions, we know here is a second in egral
of mo ion which corresponds o angular momen um.
‡In a fluid case, his corresponds o he sum of he squares of
circula ions abou he principal sec ions

`pin of a rigid body abou he middle axis is uns able, while spin
around he o her wo axes is s able (various ex books on
mechanics).

Rela ed o fluid mechanics, ro a ion abou he middle axis of an

ellipsoid is uns able and will over urn.

  &!"#
Obukhov e . al experimen ed wi h ransparen spinning ellipsoids
(filled wi h wa er) o look a he ins abili ies associa ed wi h he
flow.

The ellipsoid was ro a ed for a long period of ime o ensure solid

body ro a ion, and hen quickly s opped.
‡The flow sa isfied he force-free mo ion of a rigid body
equa ions un il he boundary layers became oo large, which
ook approxima ely 5 fluid revolu ions.
‡If ini ial ro a ion was abou he shor axis, he mo ion was
s able and con inued.
‡If ro a ion was abou he in ermedia e axis, i flipped over and
ro a ed abou he shor er axis wi hin abou one fluid revolu ion

  &!"#

Over urning process for

ro a ion of a fluid abou he
in ermedia e axis of an
ellipsoid (Obukhov 2000)

Obukhov (2000)

  &!"#
` abili y of ro a ion abou he
long axis can be demons ra ed
if he long axis is less han 2x
he shor axis.

As he long axis leng h

reaches 2x he shor axis, he
flow flips and forms wo
vor ices, parallel o he shor
axis.

As he long axis is increased,

he mo ion becomes s able
again, and hen uns able e c.
Obukhov (2000)
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Ricardo proved ha increasing he urbulence in he combus ion
chamber increased flame speed, making engines more reliable.

NACA demons ra ed ha valve arrangemen s make i possible o

in roduce umble in a cylinder

We expec conserva ion of angular momen um o amplify he umble

during he compression s roke, as he vor ices ge smaller.

Obukhov showed how ro a ional flow abou he in ermedia e axis was

uns able and would urnover.

2 Problems ± Ellipsoid is no a cylinder

± Cylinder is symme ric
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Problems wi h Obukhov:

The ro a ion in a cylinder will be of higher order.

‡Trunca ing he sys em a leas allows for a quali a ive idea
of wha is happening, even hough i is no exac .

Because he he cylinder is symme ric, wo of he axes will be

he same leng h. If ro a ion is abou he long axis, I1=I2,
corresponding o r=0 from he rigid body equa ions. This resul s
in a able si ua ion, and no over urning would be presen .
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Mul i-vor ex ins abili y
‡` abili ies change as he pis on moves up he cylinder.

Ini ially he long axes is he axis of he cylinder, bu once he

pis on moves half way up he cylinder, i becomes he smalles
axis, wi h wo equal longer axes perpendicular o i .
‡The umble will break up in o a number of smaller cor ices
wi h axes a righ angles o he axis of ini ial umble.
‡As he pis on moves more and more, he number of vor ices
becomes grea er and he individual vor ices smaller in
diame er.

Gledzer & Ponomarev (1992) indica ed ha when he pis on is

half-way up he cylinder, he umble becomes uns able o half-size
vor ices a righ angles o he original axis, fur her backing his.
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