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COHESION AND

COHERENCE

Basic Principles for Good Paragraphs


WRITING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS

¤ Cohesion
¤ Connectivity of the ideas in the
text
¤ Refers to how a group of
sentences “hang together”
WRITING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS
¤ Cohesion
¤ Connectivity of the ideas in the text
¤ Ideas stick together/ ideas are tied
together, especially with conjunctions
¤ Coherence
¤ Systematic and logical flow of ideas so
that the text is easy to read and
understand
WRITING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS

¤ Paragraph
¤ A sentence or a group of
sentences set off as a unit
¤ All sentences in a paragraph
are related to one single main
idea
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

① Focus on a main idea


¤ Main idea – what the
paragraph is about
¤ May be stated, or implied
¤ Mostly found in the topic
sentence
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❷ Use specific details


¤ All other sentences in the
paragraph should relate to and
contribute to the main idea
¤ Details should explain the writer’s
ideas and hold the reader’s
interest
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

③ Develop using a pattern


¤ Depends on: (a) Purpose and
(b) Target Audience
 When oil is smoking hot, add garlic, ginger,
scallions, crabs, and the rest of the ingredients.
 Serve with hot rice.
 In a large pan, heat oil on high heat.
 Cook until crabs are cooked through.
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

③ Develop using a pattern


¤ Seatwork (p.4): Paragraph
In a large pan, heat oil on high heat. When oil is
smoking hot, add garlic, ginger, scallions, crabs and
the rest of the ingredients. Cook until crabs are
cooked through. Serve with hot rice.
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ “Cohere” = stick together
¤ “Flow” details of the paragraph
fit together in a way that is clear to
the reader
¤ Depends on: (a) Pattern of
Development and (b) Sentence-
Level Control
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ Sentence-Level Control
includes transitional words
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ Transitions – are words or
phrases that specify a
relationship between
sentences and between
paragraphs.
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ Transitions specify:
¤ Sequence
¤ Time
¤ Comparison
¤ Contrast
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ Transitions specify:
¤ Examples
¤ Cause and Effect
¤ Place
¤ Concession
¤ Summary, Repetition, Conclusion
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR GOOD PARAGRAPHS

❹ Make paragraphs coherent


¤ Transitions: example
¤ In recent years viruses have been shown to
cause cancer not only in chickens but also in
mice, cats, and even in some primates.
Therefore, it is a reasonable hypothesis that
viruses might cause cancer in humans.

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