Analog Communication

By
Dr Hima Bindu Valiveti
Professor, Dept. of ECE

Gokaraju Rangaraju
Institute of Engineering & Technology
(Autonomous)
Basic Communication System
Information (Data) must be transformed in the form of electromagnetic
signals to be transmitted to long distances

Communication System
EM Wave
Radio Spectrum
Radio Spectrum is sum of all the individual
channels, each carrying separate information spread
across wide frequency spectrum.
 Relation Between
Frequency
and Wavelength
• Longer wavelengths
equal smaller frequencies

• Shorter wavelengths
equal larger frequencies
c=f λ
c is velocity of light
f is frequency and
λ is wavelength
Radio spectrum/ Frequency Spectrum

VLF - Very Low Frequency VHF - Very High Frequency

LF - Low Frequency UHF - Ultra High Frequency
MF - medium Frequency SHF - Super High Frequency
HF - High Frequency EHF - Extremely High Frequency
Table of Frequencies and Applications
• ELF : 0 – 3 kHz. Submarine communications.

• VLF : 3 – 30 kHz. Submarine communications, Time Signals, Navigation

• LF : 30 – 300 kHz. Navigation, Time Signals.

• MF: 300 kHz – 3 MHz. Maritime Voice/Data, AM Broadcasting,

Aeronautical Communications.

• HF: 3 – 30 MHz.“Shortwave” Broadcasting. Amateur, Point to Point data.

Maritime Voice/Data. Aeronautical Communications.
Table of Frequencies and Applications
• VHF : 30 – 300 MHz. Police, Fire, Public Service mobile. Amateur.
Satellite. Analog TV. FM Broadcast.

• UHF : 300 – 3,000 MHz (3 GHz) Police, Fire, Public Service

communications. Satellite. Analog and HD TV. Telemetry (flight test).
Radar. Microwave links (telephone/data). WiFi.

• SHF : 3 – 30 GHz Radar. Satellite. Telemetry. Microwave links

• EHF : 30 – 300 GHz Radar. Satellite. Microwave links.

Modulation

A baseband signal (message) can be transmitted via an analog

carrier signal by modulating one or more of the carrier's three
characteristics:
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
Why do we need Modulation/Demodulation?
Radio transmission

Voice Microphone Transmitter

Electric signal,
20 Hz – 20 KHz
Antenna:
Size requirement

?
Need for Modulation:
Reduction in the height of antenna
For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,
where λ is the wavelength .
λ = c /f

where c : is the velocity of light

f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted

The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal of f = 10 kHz is calculated
as follows :

The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install .

Need for Modulation:

Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The

minimum antenna height is given by,

This antenna can be easily installed practically . Thus,

modulation reduces the height of the antenna .
Need for Modulation:
Avoids mixing of signals
• If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the
modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the signals will be in
the same frequency range i.e. 0 to 20 kHz . Therefore, all the signals get
mixed together and a receiver can not separate them from each other .

• Hence, if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different

carrier then they will occupy different slots in the frequency domain
(different channels). Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals .
Need for Modulation:
Increase the Range of Communication
• The frequency of baseband signal (message) is low, and the low
frequency signals can not travel long distance when they are transmitted.
They get heavily attenuated .

• The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted

signal, and they travel longer distance .

• The modulation process increases the frequency of the signal to be

transmitted . Therefore, it increases the range of communication.
Need for Modulation:
Multiplexing is possible

• Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted

over the same communication channel simultaneously
• This is possible only with modulation.

• The multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many signals .

Hence, many TV channels can use the same frequency range, without
getting mixed with each other or different frequency signals can be
transmitted at the same time .
Need for Modulation:
Improves Quality of Reception

With frequency modulation (FM) and the digital communication

techniques, the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent . This improves
quality of reception .

SNR= Signal Power/ Noise Power

Lower the Noise better the power, Noise is low at High Frequencies
Basic Communication System
Components of the Basic Communication System
1. Information or input signal
• The communication systems have been developed for communicating useful
information from one place to other
• The information can be in the form of sound signal like speech or music or it
can be in the form of pictures.

2. Input Transducer
• The information in the form of sound, picture or data signals cannot the
transmitted as it is.
• First it has to be converted into a suitable electrical signal.
• The input transducers commonly used in the communication systems are
microphones, TV etc.
Components of the Basic Communication System
3. Transmitter
The function of the transmitter block is to convert the electrical equivalent of the
information to a suitable form
It increases the power level of the signal. The power level should be increased in
order to cover a large range. The transmitter consists of the electronics circuits
such as amplifier, mixer, oscillator, and power amplifier.

4. Communication channel or medium

The communication channel is the medium used for the transmission of electronic
signals from one place to the another.
The communication medium can be conducting wires, cables, optical fibres or free
space.
Components of the Basic Communication System
4. Communication channel or medium
Depending upon the type of the communication medium, two types of the
communication system will exist
a. Wire communication or line communication
b. Wireless communication or radio communication

5. Noise
Noise is an unwanted electrical signal which gets added to the transmitted signal
when it is travelling towards receiver.
Due to noise, the quality of the transmitted information will degrade. One added
the noise cannot be separated out from the information
Hence noise is ab big problem in the communication systems.
Components of the Basic Communication System
6. Receiver
The reception is exactly the opposite process of transmission. The
received signal is amplified and demodulated and converted in a suitable
form
The receiver consists of the electronic circuits like mixer, oscillator,
detector and amplifier

7. Output Transducer
It consists of the electrical signal at the output of the receiver back to the
original form i.e. sound or TV pictures.
The typical example of the output transducers are loud speakers, picture
tubes etc.
What is Modulation?
In the modulation process, some parameter of the carrier wave (such as amplitude,
frequency or phase) is varied in accordance with the modulating signal . This
modulated signal is then transmitted by the transmitter .

The receiver demodulates the received modulated signal and gets the original
information signal back .

Thus, demodulation is exactly opposite to modulation .

In the process of modulation the carrier wave actually acts as transporter which carries
the information signal from the transmitter to receiver .
Types of Modulation
MODULATION AM DSB
FC
Amplitude AM DSB
Modulation SC
(AM) SSB
VSB

Frequency
Modulation NBFM
(FM) WBFM
Angle
Modulation Phase
Modulation NBPM
(PM) WBPM
 Amplitude and Angle modulation
 In Amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a sinusoidal
carrier is varied in accordance with an incoming message
signal

 In Angle modulation, the instantaneous frequency or

phase of the sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance
with the message signal
AM & FM Waveforms

CARRIER

MESSAGE

AM

FM
 Amplitude Modulation

 Amplitude of the carrier is changed in proportion to the

instantaneous amplitude of a message signal
 Carrier frequency must be relatively higher than the
message frequency
 Modulation index ‘µ’ is the ratio of Am/Ac
 Percentage of modulation = µ x 100%
Types of Amplitude Modulation

Non Linear
AM DSB FC
AM

AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
AM DSB SC
Linear SSB
AM
VSB
Application
Broadcasting of both audio and video signals.

Fig.1 Radio set

AM DSB FC or Standard AM
• Consider a Carrier Signal:

• Message signal m(t) and Carrier signal c(t) are

independent.

• AM is defined as the process in which the amplitude of

the Carrier Signal, c(t) is varied about a mean value,
linearly with the Base band Signal, m(t).

• where Ka = 1/Ac, is the Amplitude Sensitivity Factor or

Modulation Sensitivity measured in volt-1
Modulation Index of AM
Two cases arise, depending on the magnitude of
kam(t), when comparing with unity:
1) Undermodulation, which is governed by the condition
ka m(t )  1 for all t 1 + kam(t) > 0
2) Overmodulation, which is governed by the weaker
condition
ka m(t )  1 for some t

Percentage of modulation  kam(t) 100%

AM Envelope
Modulation Index of AM Signal
Spectrum Representation of AM
• To draw the spectrum of any wave, we need to find out the
Fourier Transform of that signal.
• Cos (x) = (1/2)*(e jx + e -jx)
• F [m(t) Cos (x)] = M(f – x)/2 + M(f + x)/2

cos( A) cos( B )  cos A  B   cos A  B 

1 1
2 2
s (t )  Ac cos c t  KaAc Am cos c t cos mt

cosc  m t  cosc  m t
KaAc Am KaAcAm
 Ac cos c t 
2 2
Frequency Spectrum of AM Wave
Power relation in AM
Transmission Efficiency of AM
Carrier Power Vs Sideband Power

Total
Power=
Carrier
+SideBand
Power
AM Modulators
1. Switching Modulator
• Utilizing the Switching characteristic or time varying
characteristic of a diode.

2. Square Law Modulator

• Utilizing the non linear characteristic of any square law
device ( like Diode, Transistor etc.)
Switching Modulator
Switching Modulator
• Assume that Ac  m(t )
• Let c(t )  Ac cos(2f ct )
• The diode will turn on if c(t )  0 and will turn off ifc(t )  0
• The output across the load resistor is
vi (t ) c(t )  0
v0 (t )  
 0 c(t )  0
 vi (t ) g (t )
 [m(t )  Ac cos( 2f ct )] g (t )

• Since g(t) is a periodic rectangular function, the Fourier series is

Switching Modulator
Switching Modulator
Switching Modulator
Square Law Modulator
AM Demodulators

1. Square Law Demodulator

2. Envelope Detector
 Envelope/Diode AM Detector

If the modulation depth is > 1, the distortion below occurs

µ>1
Envelope Detector
Envelope Detector
• The operations of the circuit requires
careful selection of t=RC
• If RC is too large, discharging will be
slow and the circuit cannot follow a
decreasing envelope.
• When RC is too small the ripples will
be high.
• The ripples are finally removed by
LPF.
• The DC value is blocked by a
capacitor.
Features of AM
• AM system is very cheap to build and maintain.

• AM is wasteful of power - max efficiency is 33%

• AM is wasteful of bandwidth - twice the message

bandwidth is required
AM Waveforms For AM, DSB & SSB