GEOGRAPHY

•CUESTA •CLIMATE/ WEATHER

•TIDAL DELTA •LOWLAND CLIMATE
•ECONOMIC ACTIVIES

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Cuesta
 Is a hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side,
and a steep slope on the other.
 A ridge where a harder sedimentary rock overlies
a softer layer, the whole being tilted somewhat
from the horizontal.

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN INDUS
PLAIN
 Both Upper & Lower Indus Plain are agricultural
areas
 Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, maize, barley,
millets, grains oil seeds, tobacco and fruits are the
main crops.
 The plain areas produce the bulk of food grains
agricultural raw material, vast market, food
products and manufactured goods. Pakistan’s
greatest industries.

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 These plains with gentle revelled topography are
suitable for the construction of canals.
 World’s one of the most excellent system of
irrigation.
 Roads & railways are found mobility in the plain
areas.

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 INDUS
DELTA
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 INDUS DELTA
 A delta is formed at river mouth
due to sedimentation process
done by the river
 Sand and silt which come with
the river water settle in the sea
bed; slowly a small island
comes out of the surface of the
sea is called Delta
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 INDUS DELTA
ARABIA
N SEA
The
Indus

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 INDUS DELTA
Physical Features
 It is a marsh land or wetland
 It has great mangrove forest
on the whole length of the
Sindh coast
 It has many fish harbors and
small ports like Keti Bandar &
Shah Bandar
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Climate and Weather
 Climate: Weather is generalization of the day to
day weather conditions over a long period of time
usually thirty years.

 Weather: Weather refers to the atmospheric

conditions of any place for a short period of time
(temporary changes in the climate)

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Difference between weather and
climate
WEATHER: Weather is CLIMATE: Climate is
what conditions of the how the atmosphere
atmosphere are over a "behaves" over relatively
short period of time. long periods of time.

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Seasons of Pakistan

 Pakistan has four seasons

 Winter (mid December to March)
 Early summer (April to June)
 Late summer (July to September)
 Post monsoon (October to Mid December)

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Pakistan’s topographical range leads to
varying Climatic regions or Zones:
The diversified terrain has divided Pakistan's
climate into 4 major regions:
1. Highland Climate
2. Lowland Climate
3. Coastal Climate
4. Arid Climate
 Highland Climate

Arid Climate:
Mild winter, hot summers,
Extreme aridity

Lowland Climate

Mild Winters, Warm

summers.
Lowland Zone – Semi arid to arid
 Region: Indus plain except the Coastal areas.
 Areas: Islamabad, Sialkot, Sarghoda, Multan,
Jacobabad, and Sukkur
 Climate:
 It has arid and extreme climate with hot summers,
cool winters and summer monsoon rainfall.
 Thunderstorms are also common in north and north-
west of the Indus plain. The upper Indus plain and
Lower Indus plain there’s less rainfall and spells of
very high temperature.
 Winters are cool-mild because of low angle of sun and
continental effect and summers are hot due to high
angle of sun and continental effect.
Life and Economic activities:
 The plain is drained through four tributaries of
Indus River, economically; it is the most
productive region of Pakistan. There is a well
developed canal system and many crops are
grown there such as millet, wheat, cotton and
sugarcane
 Population is high and there’s moderate rainfall
and tolerable temperature.
Sources of rainfall:

 Convectional rainfall in northern Punjab

 Western depression in northern Punjab
 Monsoon rainfall
 There are 4 main climatic factors
 These are responsible for regional
and seasonal variation in climates of
Pakistan :
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Rainfall
 Winds.
Temperature.
 Diversity of temperature in various regions
is due to the following:
1. Large spread of latitude from 24 N to
37 N.
2. Diversity of relief ranging from K-2 to
low lying coasts of Makran.
 The following
Temperaturetemperature key should be
Description

used while describing theVery

40ᵒC or above
temperature
hot
31ᵒC – 39ᵒC Hot
distribution.
21ᵒC- 30ᵒC Warm
10ᵒC -20ᵒC Mild
3ᵒC – 9ᵒC Cool
-5ᵒC - 2ᵒC Cold
Below –5ᵒC Very Cold.
Rainfall
 The quantity of water, expressed in inches,
precipitated as rain, snow, hail, or sleet in a specified
area and time interval.
 Only in a few northern areas humid conditions are
found. The rainfall in Pakistan is highest in northern
areas decreases towards south.
Sources of rainfall in Pakistan:
 Monsoon winds
 The Western Depression
 Convectional Currents
 Relief rainfall
 Tropical cyclones

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Monsoon winds:
 Monsoon winds are seasonal winds which
blow during summer and winter. The summer
winds are called South-west monsoons and
the winter winds are called North-east
monsoons.
 South-west monsoon are giant sea breezes
which bring rainfall. the rains began when the
ocean are less heated and land is more heated.
The air from the land rises developing a low
pressure and it attracts the cool air causing
heavy rainfall.
 North-east monsoons blow from the land
towards the sea.
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Western depression
 Western Depression are the cyclones which
originate in Mediterranean Sea, they travel across
Afghanistan and Iran and then reach the western
part of Pakistan. The moisture in the air is
evaporated causing rainfall.

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Convectional currents

 Hot air rises during summer and when it reaches the

high layer of atmosphere, condensation takes place
causing rainfall. Strong winds accompanying the
storms may pick up dust with them
 Only northern and north western areas of Pakistan
receive rainfall from Convectional currents. Southern
Pakistan despite being more hot then the northern
areas experience less rainfall because of
temperature inversion layer.

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Relief rainfall:

 Relief rainfall is related to the height of land. It

occurs where moist unstable air moves up a
mountain edge and it is chilled, heavy
condensation takes place and rainfall occurs.

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Tropical cyclones:

 Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall for few

hours and can cause a lot of destruction. They
originate in Arabian Sea quite often but rarely
reach the coast of Pakistan. Therefore, this source
of rainfall is totally unreliable.

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