TUNNEL LINING

Guide:
SHANKAR G S
Presented by-VISHNU T
Assistant Professor Department of 4SM14ME059
Civil Engineering
SJMIT-CHITRADURGA
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• SHAPES OF TUNNEL
• TUNNEL LINING MATERIALS
• TUNNEL LINING METHODS ON LAND
• VENTILATION IN TUNNEL
• CONCLUSION
 WHAT IS TUNNEL?
^ It is an underground or underwater passageway,
dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock.
^ A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic,
for rail traffic, or for a canal.
^ Secret tunnels are built for military purposes.

^ Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are

built to allow wildlife to cross human-made
barriers safely.
 REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
^ When the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain
to avoid bypassing the obstacle.
^ Built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a
replacement for building a bridge above it.

^ Built to connect between military posts so the movement

between them will not be visible for the enemy.
^ Sometimes built for infrastructure like electricity cables,
water, communication and sewerage to avoid damage
and disruption above ground.
••
 SHAPES OF TUNNELS
^ Rectangular Tunnels
^ Circular Tunnels
^ Elliptical Tunnels
^ Egg shaped Tunnels
^ Horseshoe Tunnels
 Rectangular
^ These tunnels are usually adopted by the cut and cover
method.
^ it is particularly suitable for pedestrian and highway
tunnels. On the other hand,
^ multi-lane submerged highway tunnels are often in
rectangular shape.
 CIRCULAR
^ This type of section offers greater resistance to external
pressure .
^ If ground is highly unstable , such as soft clay or sand , it
is necessary to use circular section .
^ For carrying water and sewerage circular shape tunnels
are used .ex. Aqueduct
 ELIPTICAL SECTION
^ : They are used in grounds compare to rock .
^ These tunnels serve as water sewage condition.
^ They are difficult to construct .
^ They cannot be used as traffic tunnels because of their
narrow base.
 EGG - SHAPED
SECTION
^ These section have narrow cross sections at bottom.
^ They are best suited for carrying sewage. They maintain
self-cleansing velocity of flow of sewage both in dry and
rainy seasons .
^ They resist external as well as internal pressure due to their
circular walls .
 HORSESHOE SECTION
• This form consists of a semicircular roof together with
arched sides and a curved invert.

• They are most popular as traffic tunnels for road and

railway routes .
 TUNNEL LINING
These are the permanent or temporary support for keeping
tunnel from collapse and provide safe.
Tunnel linings are grouped into three main forms some or
all of which may be used in the construction of a tunnel:
1. Temporary ground support
2. Primary lining
3. Secondary lining
 TUNNEL LINING
MATERIALS
• Brickwork, blockwork and masonry :
^ Brickwork, blockwork and masonry had been used for
tunnel lining but now they are obsolete.
 TUNNEL LINING
MATERIALS
• Insitu Concrete :
^ In situ concrete lining is frequently done in rock
tunnelling where the roof is able to stay unsupported
temporary.
^ Specially designed travelling formwork is used for
casting the concrete.
 TUNNEL LINING
MATERIALS
• Sprayed Concrete :
^ Sprayed concrete linings usually compose of rock bolts,
wire mesh, steel rib , a thin layer or sprayed concrete.
^ This kind of lining is flexible than other types of linings.
 TUNNEL LINING
MATERIALS
• Wire Mesh :
Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of loose rock or
as reinforcement for shotcrete.
Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in underground
excavations:
^ 1. Chain-link mesh: - commonly used for fencing.
^ 2. Weld mesh: - commonly used for reinforcing
shotcrete.
Wire Mesh
 TUNNEL LINING
MATERIALS
• Precast concrete segments:
^ Most commonly used method ^ Requires less
time for construction ^ Economical
 TUNNELLING METHODS

It depends on,
^ Ground conditions,
^ The ground water conditions,
^ The length and diameter of the tunnel drive,
^ The depth of the tunnel
^ The final use and shape of the tunnel and
appropriate risk.
 TUNNELLING
METHODS ON LAND
• Cut and Cover Method :
• This construction method, whereby the site is fully
excavated, the structure built and then covered over,
uses diaphragm walls as temporary retaining walls
within the site area.
• Step one :Construction of diaphragm walls, pin piles,
and decking.
• Step two :Excavation within the diaphragm walls,
installing struts as work progresses.
• Step three Construction of permanent floor slabs and
walls.
• Step four : Fitting out the internal structures,
backfilling, and reinstating the surface structures.
Cut and Cover Method
 TUNNELLING
METHODS ON LAND
• Tunnel Borina Machine (TBM) :
^ Most commonly used method
^ Tunnel boring machines are used to excavate tunnels
with a circular cross- section.
^ They can be used on any geologies.
^ It can bore tunnels of diameter 1-20 meter.
^ It made tunnel boring process risk free.
 Tunnel Boring Machine
(TBM)
5. Excavated earth removed

- 4. Hydraulic rams posh against newly -placed y concrete

segments to dnve machine forwards
1. Rotating cutter head

2. Screw conveyor moves earth

6. Pre-cast concrete segments

delivered to rotating arm
3, Rotating arm adds pre cast concrei tunnel
segments to form a nng
 TUNNELLING
METHODS ON LAND
• Drill and Blast Method :
^ This method is suitable in medium to strong rock.
^ By jack hammers, blast holes are drilled on the tunnel face.
Explosives are loaded in the blast holes and then blasting
is taken place.
^ R.C. tunnel lining can be cast by using travelling formwork,
or more often, the tunnel lining is formed by sprayed
concrete.
Drill and Blast Method
 VENTILATION IN
TUNNEL
• Ventilation is required to eliminate
^ Dust and gas caused by drilling, blasting, loading of
excavated materials during construction and to furnish fresh
air for the workers..
^ Exhaust gas and smoke discharged by diesel.
^ Poison gas made from explosive or organic solvent.
^ Flammable gas
^ High temperature and high humidity.
 ADVANTAGES OF TUNNEL
LINING
^ Tunnel lining prevents water seepage.
^ It prevents from collapse of ground.
^ Tunnels are safer to the earthquake from the other on
ground structures.
^ It control the weeds along the side and bed.
^ It eliminates the effect of scouring the canal bed in irrigation
tunnels.
^ It controls the water logging and hence the bad effects of
water logging in water tunnels .
^ It provides smooth surface and hence the velocity of flow
can be increased in water tunnels.
DISADVANTAGES OF TUNNEL
LINING
^ The initial cost of tunnel lining is very high. So, it makes the
project very expensive.
^ It involves much difficulties for repairing the damage section
of lining.
^ It takes too much time to complete the project work.
^ It becomes difficult, if the outlet are required to be shifted or
new outlets are required to be provided, because the
excavation of ground is difficult in hard rock.
 CONCLUSION
^ Geology is very important while designing a tunnel.
^ The method adopted for tunnelling is based on the type of
rock and geological conditions.
^ Tunnels are safer to the earthquake from the other on
ground structures.
^ Ventilation of tunnel is very important in tunnel during the
construction and after the construction.
^ Lighting facilities should be good.