EDUCATIONAL

PSYCHOLOGY
TOPI C 1 : I NT R OD UCT IO N TO E DU CAT IO NAL PSYCHO LO G Y
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology.
• Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher.
• Discuss why research is important to effective teaching and how
educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate
research.
Educational Psychology
Historical Background of Educational
Psychology

E.L
William Jones John Dewey
Thorndike
(1842-1910) (1859-1952)
(1874-1949)
William James (1842-1910)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH0qf2crD9Y
John Dewey (1859-1952)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGjSMqwlP3E
E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEKM51c3lys
 Educational Psychology’s
Historical Background

Leta Hollingworth (1916)- First to use the term gifted to

describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ
tests.

George Sanchez (1932)- Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence

tests were culturally biased against minority children.

Mamie and Kenneth Clark (1939) - Pioneering researchers who studied

African American children’s self-conceptions and identity.
Behavioral Approach
• B.F. Skinner (1938)
• Psychology as the science of observable behavior and
controlling conditions
• 1950s programmed learning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqabCNrenZo
The Cognitive Revolution

1980s Cognitive
1950s Bloom’s Psychology
Taxonomy of memory, thinking,
Cognitive Skills reasoning – to help
student learn
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s taxonomy
• Create: Produce new or original work: *Design, assemble, construct, conjecture, develop,
formulates, author, investigates.

• Evaluate: Justify a stand or decision. *Appraise, argue, defend, judge, select, support, value,
critique, weigh.

• Analyze: Draw connections among ideas.*differentiate, organize, relate, compare, contrast,

distinguish, examine, experiment, question, test.

• Apply: use information in new situations.*execute, implement, solve, use, demonstrate,

interpret, operate, schedule, sketch.

• Understand: Explain ideas or concepts.*classify, describe, discuss, explain, identify, locate,

recognize, report, select, translate.

• Remember: Recall facts and basic concepts. * define, duplicate, list, memorize, repeat, state.
Cognitive Psychology
• Ulric (Dick) Neisser was the “father of cognitive psychology” and an
advocate for ecological approaches to cognitive research. Neisser was a
brilliant synthesizer of diverse thoughts and findings. He was an
elegant, clear, and persuasive writer.
• Scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning,
memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual
development, and decision making. The modern study of cognition
rests on the premise that the brain can be understood as a complex
computing system.
• Analyses of memory, learning, thinking, problem solving, language, and
consciousness as they occur in real world contexts.
 Teaching as Art & Science

How is teaching both art and

science?
Educational Psychology:
A Tool for Effective Teaching

Effective
Teaching

Professional Commitment
knowledge and and
Skills Motivation
Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills
Effective Teachers:
• Exhibit subject matter competence
• Implement appropriate instructional strategies: techniques teachers use
to help students become independent, strategic learners.
• Set high goals for themselves and students and plan for instruction
• Create developmentally appropriate instructional materials and activities
• Manage classrooms for optimal learning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC3D7O-ByLE
Educational Psychology
Effective Teachers:
• Use effective strategies to promote students’ motivation to learn : sometime use ‘humor’
to get attention.
• Communicate well with students and parents
• Pay more than lip service to individual variations: In the classroom, the students have
diverse characteristic so they need much though and effort to teach. It makes a teacher
pay attention to each their learners in taking every subject and how to solve classroom
problems
• Work effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds
• Have good assessment skills
• Integrate technology into the curriculum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoOiPtvdWeY
Effective Teaching
Commitment and Motivation
Effective Teachers:
• Have a good attitude
• Care about students
• Invest time and effort
• Bring a positive attitude and enthusiasm to the classroom
Educational Psychology:
A Tool for Effective Teaching

Why Research
is Important

Research in
Educational
Psychology
Research Program
Methods Evaluation
Research in Educational Psychology
Research Is Important
 Based on the scientific method, researchers
 Conceptualize the problem
 Collect data
 Draw conclusions
 Revise research conclusions
and theory
 Theory
 Hypothesis
The Scientific Research Approach

The scientific research approach is objective,

systematic, and testable.
Research Methods
 Observations
 Laboratory
 Naturalistic observation
 Participant observation
 Interviews and questionnaires
 Standardized tests
Research Methods
Descriptive Research
 Case studies
 Ethnographic Studies
 Focus Groups
 Personal Journals and Diaries
Case Study
• In depth study of a particular situation rather than a sweeping
statistical survey. It is a method used to narrow down a very broad
field of research into one easily researchable topic.
• The case study research design is also useful for testing whether
scientific theories and models actually work in the real world.
• The phenomena and events investigated by this method are usually
followed continuously for a period of time.
Ethnographic Studies

• Ethnographic Studies :
• also known as qualitative research. The instrument used to
gather data in the study is the researcher. Data can be
gathered through interviews, observations, and document
analysis.
• Researchers completely immerse themselves in the lives,
culture, or situation they are studying. They are often
lengthy studies.
Focus Group
• a gathering of deliberately selected people who participate in a
planned discussion that is intended to elicit consumer perceptions
about a particular topic or area of interest in an environment that is
non-threatening and receptive. The focus group is a collective on
purpose.
• used in focus group interview with students.
Personal Journals and DiariePersonal Journals and Diaries
Journals and Diaries

• Personal Journals and Diaries

• Personal Journal is the process of recording personal insights, reflections and
questions on assigned or personal topics. Journal projects assigned in class may
include your thoughts about daily experiences, reading assignments, current
events or science experiment.
• A diary is a record (originally in handwritten format) with discrete entries arranged
by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other
period. ... Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist.
• Diary and Journal are synonyms, but there is an important difference: ... It is much
more personal than a diary. It contains feelings, emotions, problems, and self-
assurances and can be used to evaluate one's life. For a journal, one does not just
record one's experiences but also thoughts, feelings and reflections.
Experimental Research
Independent variable:
The manipulated, influential experimental factor.
Dependent variable:
The factor that is measured in an experiment.
Control group:
A comparison group, no manipulation.
Experimental group:
The group whose experience is manipulated.
Random assignment:
Participants are assigned by chance.
Action research
• Initiated to solve an immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive
problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams or as part of a
"community of practice" to improve the way they address issues and solve
problems.
• To improve teaching and learning plus systematic study of the action and its
consequences. it is typically designed and conducted by practitioners who
analyze data from their workplace to improve their own practice.
• Classroom Action Research is a method of finding out what works best in
your own classroom so that you can improve student learning. There are
many ways to improve knowledge about teaching. Many teachers practice
personal reflection on teaching, others conduct formal empirical studies on
teaching and learning
Clinical Method
• An integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the
purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically
based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being
and personal development.
• Only Clinical Psychologist and Psychiatric can used in this method.
• Jean Piaget is pioner used research method for education, collecting
data used quasi-natural with children.
• Researcher prepared objects and give task and questions to children.
Naturalistic Observation
• a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social
scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in
their natural environment.
• Strength : More natural behaviour occurs if people are unaware of
observation.
• Weakness : Observer may affect behaviour if detected and Difficult to
replicate - cannot control extraneous variables.
Discussion
1. What issues would need to be considered in
conducting such a study?
2. What type of research would be most appropriate?
Why?
3. If she compared the two different curricula and their
outcomes, what would the independent variable
be?