Volleyball

Volleyball
• a game in which two team use their hands to hit a large ball from one
side of a high net to the other, without allowing the ball to touch the
ground.

• History
• Equipments
• Common Faults
• Skills
• Players
William G. Morgan (1870-1942)

• - Graduated in Springfield
College of YMCA
• - Became the Director of
Physical Education in
Holyoke, Massachusetts
• - Invented the game “Mintonette”
(Volleyball) on February 9, 1895
History of Volleyball
The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,”
was invented in February 9, 1895 by William G.
Morgan after the invention of basketball only four
years before. Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield
College of the YMCA, designed the game to be a
combination of basketball, baseball, tennis, and
handball.
 Equipments in Volleyball
The Ball The Net
The volleyball net is 32 feet long by 3 feet
wide. For women, the net should be 2.24
meters high. For men, the net should be 2.43
meters high. U.S. regulation volleyball
playing surfaces must be flat and not present
any hazards to the players

The standard volleyball is

made of leather or
synthetic leather, weighs
between 9 and 10
ounces and has a
circumference of 25.6 to
26.4 inches.
The Court
• The indoor volleyball court
measures 18 x 9 m,
surrounded by a free zone
that is 3 meters wide on
all sides. The minimum
playing space for U.S.
volleyball competitions is
7 meters.
Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)

Was founded in
1947, and the first
World
Championships
were held in 1949
for men and 1952
for women.
Common Faults in Volleyball
Causing the ball to touch the ground outside the opponents’
court or without first passing over the net.
Catching and throwing the ball.
Double hit or two consecutive contacts with the ball made by
the same player.
Four touches or four consecutive contacts with the ball made
by the same team.
Net Violation or touching the net during the play.
Skills in Volleyball
Serve
• A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball in an attempt to
drive it to the opponent’s court.
Pass
• “Reception”, is usually the
first contact.
• The main goal of passing the
ball from touching the
court, and also making it
reach the position where
the setter is standing quickly
and precisely.
Set
• It is usually the second contact.
• The main goal of setting is to put
the ball in the air in such a way
that it can be driven by an attack
into the opponent’s court.
Attack
• “Spike” is usually the third
contact.
• The main goal of attacking is
to handle the ball so that it
lands on the opponent’s
court and cannot be
defended.
Block
• Refers to the actions
taken by players standing
in front of the net to stop
or alter an opponent’s
attack.
 Players in Volleyball
Setter
They aim for second touch and their main
responsibility is to place the ball in the air
where the attackers can place the ball into
the opponent’s court for a point.
Libero
Is a player specialized in defensive skills
He cannot block or attack the ball when
it is entirely above net height
Wears a contrasting jersey color
Middle Outside Hitters/Left
Blocker/Middle Hitter side Hitters
• Attack from the left antenna
• Are players
that can • Usually most consistent hitter
perform and gets the most set
very fast
attacks
that
usually
take place
near the
setter.
They are
specialized
in blocking
and quick
attacks
Opposite Hitters/Right side Hitters

• Carry the defensive

workload for a volleyball
team in the front row.
• Their primary responsibility
is to put up a well formed
block against the Outside
Hitters and serve as a
backup setter.
RUGBY
RUGBY
• Rugby league or Rugby Union
but commonly most known in
the world as RUGBY.
• Originated in Rugby,
Warwickshire, Northern England
in 1895
• Contact team sports between
two teams of 15 players using an
oval-shaped ball on a
rectangular field with H-shaped
goalposts on each try line.
 Typical gameplay

• RUNNING
Players can run with the ball in any direction
they want. However they cannot use a
teammate to obstruct the opposition

• PASSING
The ball can be passed laterally or backwards, but
cannot be thrown forward.

• KICKING
The ball can be kicked in any direction and is used
as an attacking option or to gain territory. There
are three types of kicks used; the punt, drop
kick and place kick. To punt the ball the player
must kick the ball before it touches the ground. A
drop kick occurs if the ball first bounces on the
ground before being kicked.
• Ball can be
taken in
three ways,
by kicking, by
a player
running with
it, or as a
result of a
set-piece.
 TACKLE

• A player may tackle an opposing player who has

the ball by bringing them to ground. Once tackled,
a player must immediately release the ball, either
by passing to a teammate or placing it on the
ground and the tackler must release them and
move away. After the ball has been released by a
tackled player, players from either side may try to
regain possession of the ball.
• Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the
neck and head are out of bounds), and the tackler
has to attempt to wrap their arms around the
player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is
illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player
using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this
being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap).
• Tackles that involve lifting a player and then
forcing or dropping them to the ground head
first (called a tip tackle or spear tackle) have
been deemed particularly dangerous
Philippines Rugby Football Union

Founded on January 19, 1998 and

became affiliated to
the International Rugby Board on,
November 1, 2004.
FOOTBALL
Football
• Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team
sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of eleven players.

Football (Soccer) Rules

• A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in
between.
• Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper who
is the only player allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard box) and a
minimum of 7 players are needed to constitute a match.
• The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size of
pitches is allowed to vary but must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-
100 yards wide.
• The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular shape.
• Each team can name up to 7 substitute players.
• Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s (linesmen).
• If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being
level in a match then 30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15
minute halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
• If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take
place.
• The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
• If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it is
given as a throw in.
Object of the Game
• The aim of football is to score more goals then your opponent in a 90 minute
playing time frame. The match is split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After the
first 45 minutes players will take a 15 minute rest period called half time. The
second 45 minutes will resume and any time deemed fit to be added on by the
referee (injury time) will be accordingly.

EQUIPMENTS AND GEARS

HELMETS FACE MASKS SHOULDER PADS

 GLOVES GIRDLES

FOOTBALL APPAREL VISORS

Ice hockey
Ice Hockey
• The hockey is a game played in the
early 1800’s in Nova Scotia by
Micmac Indians.
• It Is a contact team sport played on
ice, usually in a rink, in which two
teams of skaters us their sticks to
shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into
their opponent's net to score points.
• Is most popular in areas of North
America (Canada, the United States
and Europe).
• In North America Ice hockey is the
official national winter sport of
Canada.
PLAYERS
• Hockey is played with six players on the
ice for each team; five skaters, one
goaltender.
• The typical roster size of a hockey team
is twenty players; twelve forwards, 6
defensemen, and two goaltenders.
Objective
• The primary objective of Ice Hockey is to
shoot a puck through the ice-coated
playing surface known as rink and strike
it into the opponent’s goalpost with a
hockey stick. A team with six
players including the goaltender, scores a
point by hitting the puck in to the
goalpost. The team scoring more number
of goals at the end of the game is the
winner
The equipment required to play Ice Hockey

1. The Puck- It is a 2. Hockey Stick-

three-dimensional It is basically made of wood and
circular puck made of graphite and are 150 to 200cm in
black vulcanized length with flat horizontal extension
rubber material. known as blade.
3. Helmet
-An Ice hockey helmet
comes with an 4. Mouth Guard
optional face cage
and is mandatory for -It is worn to avoid teeth,
jaw injuries from knock-
all the players.
downs and falls. A
custom made plastic
mouth guard is
obligatory for the players
on the ice.
5. Neck Guard
-It comes with outer
nylon plates and
inner padding as a
wound resistant for
both skaters and
goalies to avoid
injuries on the neck
and throat areas.
6. Shoulder & Arm
Pads
7. Elbow Pads
-It is a key -They guards the elbow joints,
equipment with upper, lower arms and
hard outer made forearms from fractures.
of plastic and
shock absorbing
foam inside. It
gives the players a
broad-shouldered
look. These pads
mainly guard the
shoulders, chest,
spine and ribs in
case of collision
between skaters in
the play.
8. Gloves 9. Hockey Pants
- Nylon knee-length pants
-Hand gloves made with come with safety belts to
leather with thick hold the hip, tailbone,
padding linen helps to thigh & pelvic pads on
protect player’s fingers the inner side.
and hands from strong
impacts on the rink.

10. Shin pads

The knee and leg calf
protector with strong
plastic outer to shield
against skates, sticks,
pucks and other injuries.
 12. Ice Skates
11. Hockey Socks - Skaters need perfect firm outer shell
boots and memory foam inner sole
- A little different from with rounded heels and attachable
the original socks, ice skate blades which is quite essential
hockey socks are made for ice hockey skaters.
out of knitted wool
without the foot
portion to cover the
shin pads.
13. Jersey
-A nylon material loose
coloured shirt with coloured
side panels is worn by all the
players. Usually the players
name and number are
mentioned by his team
colour.
14. Chest and arm
protector
-Goaltenders need to put on thick
foam padded chest and arm
guard extended to the abdomen
and knotted with the hockey
pants to ensure seamless
protection to goalie’s forearms,
biceps, ribs and abdomen.
15. Blocker
- Goaltenders need to wear blockers
on one hand to hold the hockey
stick. These rectangular padded
gloves are used to block the pucks
and bounce them back on the ice.
17. Catch glove or trapper
-Goaltenders put on catch glove
usually thicker than normal leather
gloves on the other hand to block
the puck by holding a rapid shot.
18. Leg Pads
- Goaltenders’ most noticeable equipment
on the ice are the completely flat faced,
extensively foam padded leg pads.
Ice Hockey Rink
is an ice rink that is
specifically designed
for ice hockey, a
team competing
sport. Alternatively
it is used for other
sports such
as broomball, ringet
te and rink bandy. It
is rectangular with
rounded corners
and surrounded by a
wall approximately 1
metre (39 in) high
called the boards.
BASEBALL
BASEBALL

•Baseball is a bat-
and-ball sport played
between two teams
of nine players each
and played on an
enclosed field.
HISTORY
ABNER DOUBLEDAY
- invented the game during the summer of 1839 in
Cooperstown,New York.

Alexander Cartwright
- formalized rules
EQUIPMENTS
Ball- an official baseball is
manufactured through a process of
wrapping yarn around a cork or
rubber center and then tightly a
cowhide or horsehide cover over the
yarn.

A sphere that is approximately 9

inches in circumference and weighs 5
¼ ounces.
Bat
-A bat is a solid piece of wood, usually
ash, that is 2.75 inches in diameter at
the thickest part, which is called the
barrel, and not more than 42 inches in
lenght.
Batting Helmet
- protects a baseball player of a ball
accidentally hits him in the head.

- some pitchers can thrown a baseball as

fast as 100 miles per hour, so a player
needs to wear a helmet to prevent
severe head injuries
 Batting Gloves

- are used to protect the hands while

batting. Blisters may be caused by not
wearing a batting gloves. Some players
wear these gloves while running bases to
protect their hands while slinding into
bases.
Fielding Gloves

- A glove may vary based on the player's

position, but it is typically leather with a
webbed pocket, which forms a small
basket.
Cleats
-All baseball players wear a particular
type of shoe called cleats, which are
defined by the spikes attached to the
soles. Baseball cleats have spikes near
the toe of the shoe, which
differentiates it from cleats in other
sports.
 Catcher's Equipment
- Catcher's gear includes a helmet with a
faceguard that is similar to hockey' golie's
mask, a chest protector, shin guards, and a
special padded glove.Some catchers also wear
devices called knee savers, which are
triangular pass that attached to the players
calves and rest his knees even while squatting
behind the plate.
PLAYER's POSITION
Pitcher

-The pitcher's job is to throw the ball

over to the plate in a way that is
difficult for the batter to hit.
Catcher

- Generally the team leader since he is

the only player facing his teammates.
The catcher handles the pitcher ,
keeps track of balls and strikes(the
count), reminds the other players
about the number of outs, sets the
defense, and backups 1st base on
every infield play.
Infielders

- must be able to react quickly

towards a hit ball, and have a good
hand-eye coordination skills.
First Base. The perfect place for a left-handed player who can catch the ball well
even when as is often the case .
Second Base. Second baseman needs to know what to do when there are runners
on base.
Shortstop. This player must be fast, quick, agile and have a strong throwing arm.
The shortstop will potentially field more ground balls, in more off-balance positions.
Third Base. This player should be able to charge the ball barehanded and be able to
move side to side quickly on balls.
Outfielders
- must cover a lot of ground, so
speed and quickness to react to the
ball
- must able to catch flyballs above
their head and on the run and throw
the ball to the line accurately
Srikeouts and Walks
• If a pitcher throws three strikes (pitches either in the strike zone,either
in the strike zone, or pitches missed by the batter when he swings at a
pitch), the batter is out.
• If a pitcher throws four balls (pitches out of the strike zone in which the
batter does not swing), the batter is awarded first base.
• A foul ball (hit outside the boundaries of the field) is counted as a strike
against the batter until there are two strikes, at which point subsequent
foul balls do not count as strike.
BEACH VOLLEYBALLVolleyball
 History
 First played in Hawaii in 1915
when the Outrigger Beach
and Canoe Club set up a
court on Waikiki Beach.
 By the 1950s, competitions
were being held in California.
Included on the program
were beauty contests and
other forms of
entertainment.
 By the 1970s a full-fledged
pro beach volleyball tour was
organized.
 History

 In 1986, the International  Beach volleyball was a

Volleyball Federation demonstration sport at
recognized the sport. the 1992 Olympics in
 In 1999 it featured twelve Barcelona, and shortly
open events for men and afterward the
six for women with a total International Olympic
prize money of US$3.66 Committee announced
million. The 1999 tour that the sport will be
attracted more than included in the 1996
460,000 spectators. games in Atlanta.
 Court Description
 Measures 16 x 8 meters and
is divided into two equal
halves by a net.
 The top of the net is set at
the heights of 2.43 meters
for men and 2.24 meters for
women.

 The required beach
volleyball court dimensions
for USA Volleyball and NCAA
doubles competition is 16m
by 8m (52’6” by 26’3”).
Posts should be placed 1m
(3’-4”) from each side line.
 Rules
 A beach volleyball team consists of
two players. No substitutions can be
made.
 Each match is played over the best
of three sets. To win a set, a team
must have a two-point break over
the opposition.
 The first two sets are played to 21
points while the third, if required, is
played to 15 points.
 Each team is allowed one 30-second
time-out per set.
 No coaching is allowed during
the match.
 For Doubles: Teams are limited
to two participants.
 For Triples: The roster is limited
to 5 players, unless otherwise
specified by the tournament
director.
 For Fours: The roster is limited
to 6 players, unless otherwise
specified by the tournament
director.
BASKETBALL
History
• Basketball was invented during the school year of 1891-92 at
Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. James A.
Naismith conceived the idea of attaching peach baskets at opposite
ends of the gym on the track that encircled the playing floor. This is
where the height of 10 feet for the basket was arrived at. Basketball
derives its name from the original ball and basket used in the first
games. The game was introduced in YMCA’s across America and also
to foreign countries. Basketball became part of the Olympic Games in
1936.
Nature of the Game
• Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The
object of the game is to score more points than your
opponent. The ball is passed, thrown, bounced, batted, or
rolled from one player to another. A player in possession of
the ball must maintain contact with the floor with one foot
(pivot foot), unless the player is shooting, passing, or
dribbling. Physical contact with an opponent can result in a
foul if the contact impedes the desired movement of the
player.
Basic Rules
1. Players: Five players per team on the floor at a time with unlimited substitutions.
Usually players fill the standard positions of 2 forwards, 2 guards, and 1 center. The
names of these may be changed depending on the offense played.
2. Offense: Team or individual patterns of play that are used to get the ball into
scoring position. There are two basic types of offensive attacks: the slow deliberate
attack and the fast break attack.
3. Defense: Players may choose to play either a man to man defense (person to
person) or zone. In man to man each player is assigned a specific person to
guard/play defense on. In a zone defense, players are assigned a specified area to
guard. The object of defense is to try to take the ball away from your person or the
person in your assigned zone area to force them to turn over the ball, or force
them to take a low percentage shot.
4. Scoring: Field Goals = 2 or 3 points. Free Throws = 1 point.
5. Timeouts: Timeouts are one minute or 30 seconds in length and can be requested
during a dead ball or anytime by the team in possession of the ball. Each team gets
a total of five timeouts for the entire game.
Play
1. The game is started with a jump ball in the center circle between two
opponents.
2. A player is out of bounds when touching the floor on or outside the
boundary line.
3. The ball is out of bounds when it touches a player who is out of bounds
or any other person, the floor, or any object on or outside a boundary,
or the supports of the backboard.
4. If the ball is caused to go out of bounds by the last player touching it, it
is awarded out of bounds for a throw-in by the opposing team.
5. While the ball is alive, an offensive player cannot remain for more than
3 seconds in that part of the free-throw lane between the end line, the
free-throw line, and the free-throw lane lines.
6. If an offensive ball handler, while in the front court, is closely guarded
by the defense for 5 seconds, a violation is called and the defense is
awarded the ball.
7. If two opponents are both firmly holding the ball, a “jump ball” is called.
A “jump ball” results in an alternating possession which is kept track of
at the official table.
8. Violations include: causing the ball to go out of bounds, double dribbling,
running with the ball, kicking the ball, striking the ball with the fist, interfering
with the basketball, illegal throw-in (taking more than 5 seconds or stepping
on the line), being closely guarded for 5 seconds while in possession of the
ball in the front court, and the three second lane rule.
9. Violations include: causing the ball to go out of bounds, double dribbling,
running with the ball, kicking the ball, striking the ball with the fist, interfering
with the basketball, illegal throw-in (taking more than 5 seconds or stepping
on the line), being closely guarded for 5 seconds while in possession of the
ball in the front court, and the three second lane rule.
10. Fouls: Personal: involving pushing, charging, tripping, holding, body contact
- After the fifth personal foul on a player, the player is disqualified from the
game.
- The offended player is awarded:
▪ one free throw if the foul occurred during a field goal attempt and the
basket was made.
▪ two free throws if the foul occurred during a field goal attempt and the
basket was missed.
▪ no free throw, but the ball is awarded to the offended player’s team out of
bounds.
Basketball Court
Basic Skills
DRIBBLING – the process of bringing or moving the ball place to place
around the court using the finger pads to tap the ball.
1. Touch the ball with your fingertips, not your palms
2. Get in a low stance.
3. Bounce the ball off the ground firmly, extend through your elbow.
4. Keep your hand on top of the ball
5. Keep the ball low, below your waist.
6. Keep your head up, eyes up.
7. Protect the ball from the defender.
8. Don’t pick up your dribble unless you are ready to pass or shoot.
9. . Avoid dribbling violations such as traveling, double dribble, and
carrying.
PASSING – an alternative way to move the ball around the court that is not
comprised of the act of dribbling. There are three common passes in basketball.
1. Chest pass – the ball is thrown from your chest to your teammate’s chest with
no bounce or arc.
2. Bounce pass- The ball is thrown from your chest and is bounced once before
entering your teammate’s hands near their chest area. This pass is the most
difficult pass to defend.
3. Overhead pass – The ball is passed from over your head into your teammate’s
chest.

LAYUPS - a shot where a player releases the ball close to the basket while
continuing to run off one foot.
CRICKETS
BY: APRIL C. JARO
BRIEF HISTORY

▰ Cricket was invented in the vast fields of England,

supposedly by shepherds who herded their flock.
Later on this game was shown benevolence by
aristocrats, and now has the stature of being
England's national game. After a century now,
cricket stands in the international arena, with a
place of its own.

96
HOW TO PLAY
CRICKETS

BY: APRIL C. JARO

ACQUIRE EQUIPMENTS

98
 LEARN ABOUT THE CRICKET FIELD

▰ Cricket is played on a large, oval-shaped

field. The field has a rectangular strip in the
center, which is called the pitch. A boundary
line should be clearly marked all around the
outside edge of the field.
▰ The pitch is where the bowler (pitcher)
bowls the ball to the other team's striker
(batter). Regulation play has the pitch at 22
yards (20.1 m) long by 10 feet (3.0 m) wide.
▰ A cricket field doesn't strictly have to be oval
according to the rules, but it usually is.
99
 MARK CREASES
▰ Areas of the pitch are divided into segments • Each end of the pitch is marked off with creases,
by lines called “creases.” There are 4 leaving a rectangle of open space between them on
creases: the center of the pitch. Aside from the boundary
marker, the rest of the cricket field is not marked.
• The popping crease, which is also sometimes called
the batting crease, marks the boundary beyond
which the batter is no longer safe from being run
out (taken out of play by the fielding, or defending,
team)
• The 2 return creases run parallel to the long edges
of the pitch, one on each side, back from the
popping crease to the end of the pitch.
• The bowling crease runs parallel to the popping
crease between the 2 return creases, dividing the
area behind the popping crease into 2 rectangular
sections. The bowler must stand at or behind the
bowling crease before they bowl. 100
 SET UP WICKETS

▰ A wicket is a structure made from 3 stakes, called stumps, driven into the ground, with 2
cross pieces called bails set on grooves between each pair of them (left-center and center-
right). In most cases, a batsman whose wicket loses a bail from being struck with the ball,
is out, so defending the wickets is an important part of offensive play.

101
UNDERSTANDING
CONCEPTS AND RULES
 RECOGNIZE THE GOAL OF THE
GAME

▰ As in most field games, the

goal of cricket is to score
points, called runs, against the
opposing team by running from
one point to another before the
play can be ended or you're run
out by the defenders, who are
called the “fielding team.” The
team at bat is called the “batting
team.

103
 LEARN THE BASICS OF GAMEPLAY

▰ Each team in cricket is comprised of 11 players (though an alternate twelfth

player may be held in reserve in case of injury, but is not otherwise used for
anything). At any given time, the fielding team has all 11 players on the
field, whereas the batting team has 2, called the batsmen. The batsmen try
to hit the ball after it is bowled by the bowler for the fielding team, and then
switch positions without getting an out to score runs.
▰ All of the positions on the pitch have official names. The person who bowls
the ball is the bowler, and the batsman who is facing the bowler is called
the striker. The other batsman, who stands near the bowler at the far side of
the pitch from the striker, is called the non-striker. Finally, the fielding
team member who stands behind the wickets at the striker's end of the field
is called the wicket-keeper. Other positions in the field have colloquial
names, but none are official.

104
105
 UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE

▰ Cricket, much like baseball, uses specialized terms to describe each section of
the game. Depending on the length of the game to be played, the number of
innings varies between 1 and 2 per team. Each innings (the word “innings” is
used both singular and plural) can contain any number of “overs,” which are sets
of bowls.
▰ Every time the bowler bowls the ball, whether or not it is hit by the striker, a tally
is counted. Once a bowler has bowled the ball 6 times in one direction, an “over”
is declared. At the over, the bowler must be replaced with a new bowler. Bowlers
can't bowl consecutive overs, but they can rotate back in after at least 1 bowl
from another bowler, so theoretically 2 bowlers could trade off bowling for the
entire innings. When there's an over, the position of the bowler changes from one
end of the pitch to the other.
106
▰ his also means that the striker can change between overs, depending on
which end of the pitch they are on when the over is called. Strikers also
change depending on how many runs are completed, since the bowler
doesn't change position except at an over. For example, if only 1 run is
completed, the striker and non-striker have switched ends of the pitch,
making the non-striker the striker for the next bowl.
▰ Any time a batsman is declared out,they must leave the field and be
replaced by a teammate. If the fielding team manages to score 10 outs in
an innings, the innings is over, as there are no more batsmen to fill in the
second spot on the pitch.

107
▰ An innings is a single period of gameplay for the entire batting team. In short
forms of cricket, a set number of overs are allowed to each team per innings;
once that number is reached, the innings ends even if the fielding team hasn't
made 10 outs. In the most prestigious and professional form of cricket, called
Test cricket, any number of overs per innings is allowed, meaning that the
innings normally only ends once 10 outs are reached. Once an innings ends,
the fielding team and batting team switch roles, and the innings for the fielding
(now batting) team begins.
▰ Test cricket games last a maximum of 5 days, and are played 6 hours a day
during that time. The shortest commonly played form of cricket, Twenty20,
allows 1 innings per team, with a maximum of 20 overs per innings, and
typically takes no more than a few hours to complete.
108
109
KEY PLAYERS

Three functions of the players are:

▰ Batsmen - one who scores runs of the balls bowled by the
bowler.
▰ Bowler - One who bowls, and tries to get the batsmen
"out" (dismissed from the ground).
▰ Fielder - Players (10) who assist the bowler in achieving
his goal, and prevent the batsmen from scoring runs.

110
 SCORING
▰ A run occurs when a batsmen hits the
ball with their bat and the two batsmen
at the wicket mange to successfully run
to the other end. The batsmen can run
as many times as they like before being
given out. If the ball crosses the
boundary rope after it has bounced at
least once from leaving the bat then 4
runs are given. If the ball goes over the
boundary rope without bouncing then 6
runs are awarded to the batting team.
▰ Runs can also be scored when the
bowler bowls a wide delivery (a ball
that is too far away from the stumps), a
no ball (where the bowler oversteps the
front line on the wicket), a bye (where
no one touches the ball but the two
batsmen run anyway) and a leg bye
(where the ball hits the batsmen’s leg
or body and a run is taken).
111
112
▰ Play according to whatever type of
game you've chosen until the
appropriate number of innings has
been reached. The team with the
highest number of runs is the winner.

113
114
LACROSSE

● Is a team sport that involves a fist

sized hard rubber ball that is thrown,
caught, and shot using lacrosse sticks.
Brief History of Lacrosse
• Lacrosse was invented by Native North Americans.
• Its name was dehuntshigwa'es in Onondaga ("men hit a rounded object"),da-nah-wah'uwsdi in Eastern Cherokee ("little
war"), Tewaarathon in Mohawk Language ("little brother of war"), andbaaga`adowe in Ojibwe("knocking about of balls").
• The game was named lacrosse by early French lookers. It is widely and inaccurately believed that the name stems from the French term
"Crosse", for the shepherd's crook like crosier carried by bishops as a symbol of office. Jesuit missionary Jean-de-Brébeuf noted the
resemblance between the crosier and the shape of the racket stick in the Relation des Jésuites around 1640. In fact, the term Crosse is a
general word in French for any type of bat or stick used in a ball game. The name lacrosse is simply a reflection of this term, and perhaps a
shorthand for a phrase such as "le jeu de la Crosse" (the game of the stick).
• Lacrosse traditionally had many different purposes. Conflict resolution and training of young warriors was only one part of the game. Games
could be played on a pitch over a mile wide and sometimes lasted for days. Often players were gravely injured or even killed. Early balls were
made out of the heads of the enemy, deerskin, clay, stone, and sometimes wood. Lacrosse has played a significant role in the community and
religious life of tribes across the continent for many years. Early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement, befitting the spirit
of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to
themselves and their tribes, and as a religious ritual. The game was said to be played "for the pleasure of the Creator."
Lacrosse Rules:
• There are 10 players on each lacrosse team. Four of the players must stay on the defensive half of
the field, three must stay on the offensive half, and three can go anywhere on the field.
• The game is typically divided up into two halves and 4 quarters with each quarter being 12
minutes long. College lacrosse games are longer, and kids’ games are shorter.
• The game starts with a face-off between two players on each team. The ball sits on the ground
between the two players and the referee blows the whistle. This signals that the players can both
try to get the ball.
• Only the goalie can touch the ball with their hands. All other players must use the lacrosse stick to
carry, pass, shoot, or catch the ball.
• When an opponent has the ball or is within five yards of the ball, a player can body check them. A
body check is contact from the front between the waist and the shoulders. You can also stick
check the player on the stick or gloves to try and knock the ball away or to keep a player from
getting the ball.
• There is an area around the goal called a crease. An opponent is not allowed to enter the crease,
but they can reach in with their stick to pick up the ball.
• When a player with the ball or the ball goes out of the field of play, the opposing team gets the
ball unless the ball goes out of bounds after a shot. In that case, the team with the player closest
to the ball when it went out of bounds gets the ball.
Equipment needed to play lacrosse
• Gearing Up
• The right protective gear is important for any sport, especially a contact sport like boys' lacrosse. All gear should be
approved for lacrosse and fit correctly.
• Helmets. Boys' lacrosse players are required to wear helmets with facemasks, but girls' lacrosse players are not. Always
choose a helmet that is approved specifically for lacrosse by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic
Equipment (NOCSAE). This means that it has been tested and passed safety regulations. Girls' lacrosse players may wear a
soft helmet when they play.
• Goggles. Girls' lacrosse players are required to wear eye protection. Most goggles are made of steel cages that protect the
eyes, but some players choose plastic goggles that allow for better peripheral vision.
• Cleats. Choose shoes with molded cleats or ribbed soles. Shoes with screw-in cleats may make an injury more likely, so
only use them when you need extra traction, like on a wet or muddy field.
• Mouthguards - are a good way to protect the teeth, lips, cheeks, and tongue. Mouthguards are required for all lacrosse
players.
• Gloves - are required in boys' lacrosse. Gloves should protect the fingers, hands, and wrists, while allowing the hands to
move freely and grip the stick. Make sure there are hard plastic inserts to protect the thumbs. Girls sometimes wear
lightweight field gloves, especially in cold weather.
• Elbow and shoulder pads. These are almost always required in boys' lacrosse. They help protect the arms and upper body.
For added protection, some players wear full arm guards or rib pads.
• Cup - Boys usually are required to wear protective cups (and even when cups are optional, boys should wear them).
• Stick - Lacrosse sticks are different for boys and girls. In boys' lacrosse, the pocket of the stick is deeper, which helps a
player to throw the ball faster.
Goalie Gear
• Some players can shoot a 5-ounce lacrosse ball over
100 mph. Goalies need courage and the following
special gear:
• Head and neck protection. Helmets with throat
protectors attached to them are required for all goalies
in both boys' and girls' lacrosse.
• Gloves. Goalies can wear regular lacrosse gloves, but
some prefer gloves that are longer or have extra
padding. Girls' lacrosse goalies are required to wear
padded gloves.
• Chest protector. All lacrosse goalies are required to
wear chest protection. The chest protector goes under
the jersey.
• Arm and leg protection. Lacrosse goalies usually wear
arm pads and have padded lacrosse pants under their
shorts. Girls also must wear protective shin guards at
the youth and high school levels.
• Stick. Lacrosse goalies use sticks that have bigger, wider
heads to help them block shots.
Before you play

• Getting yourself in good shape before lacrosse season starts will help make you a better player
and go a long way toward preventing injuries. Start working out and eating right a few months
before the season begins. Better yet, exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet year-round, and
then you won't need to worry about getting in shape for the season.
• Here are some other things to keep in mind before you start practicing or playing:
• Inspect the field to make sure there are no holes or other obstacles, including debris and broken
glass. Store extra sticks, balls, and other equipment well off to the sides of the field.
• Always warm up and stretch. Do jumping jacks or run in place for a few minutes to get the blood
flowing, and then slowly and gently stretch, paying particular attention to your ankles, calves,
knees, and hamstrings. Hold each stretch for at least 30 seconds before moving on to the next
one.
• Get a sports physical. Many schools won't let athletes play unless they've had a pre-season
physical exam. If your school doesn't require or schedule an exam for you, have your parents take
you to your own doctor. He or she will make sure you're physically able to play and can review
sports safety with you.
 Reminders
• Make sure first aid is available at the fields where you practice and play, as well as someone who
knows how to provide it.
• Be prepared for emergencies. Have a responsible adult on hand when you play or have a plan to
contact medical personnel so concussions, fractures, or dislocations can be treated quickly.
• Stay hydrated (particularly on hot, sunny days) by drinking plenty of fluids before, during, and after
practices and games.
• If you have any piercings or jewelry, remove them before playing.

• If an opposing player collides with you or does something you disagree with, don't take it
personally. Let the referees handle the situation, and never start a fight with another player.
Dragon Boat Racing
 What is Dragon Boat Race ?
 Simply put, boat racing is a boat of 20 paddlers, a drummer
and a steerer paddling to cross the finish line faster than
their competition.

 It's a team sport that encompasses the elements of power,

speed, synchronization and endurance.
EQUIPMENTS

BOAT

PADDLE

DRUM
 PLAYERS
Paddlers
 Responsible for keeping a quiet
and focused boat.
 Responsible for listening to and
following instructions quickly.
Drummer
Sits at the front of the boat with
the drum
Controls the boat during
practice or during a race
Prior to docking, the drummer
will hand control back to the
steersperson.
PLAYERS
Steerperson
 Stands at the back of the
boat with the steering
oar
 Sets the path the boat is
to take
Responsible for the safe
operation of the dragon
boat
Knows the correct boat
crew commands to call
out
Ensures safety
equipment is on the boat
TECHNIQUE/TIPS
1.Your Team & Role
You should begin thinking
about your paddlers and their
placement.
2. Cadence (the beat or pace)
The Cadence provides each
paddler with the timing and the
speed of the strokes.
Synchronization is one of the
major key components of
getting your team to the finish
line as efficiently and fast as
possible!
3. Boat Commands
LET IT RUN (RIDE) – paddles in the relaxed position, parallel over the
water pointed at 90 degrees to the side of the boat.
PADDLES UP – paddles above the water ready to take a stroke. Commonly
used for starting the movement of the boat in a non-race situation
TAKE IT AWAY – command to start paddling.
LET IT RUN – paddling stops and boat coasts to a stop on its own.
CHECK THE BOAT – bringing the boat to a full stop and holding it steady in
place with placing the paddles in the water.
ATTENTION PLEASE – race command in a start situation for paddles to be
placed in position for the first stroke (submerged or out of water).
START – a combination of strokes during a race (usually at start of a race),
often a set of 10 or 20 strokes that are quicker and more forceful to help
pop the boat up from stationary position.
 4. Paddle 101

5. It’s Teamwork!
SEPAK TAKRAW
HISTORY OF SEPAK TAKRAW
Murals at Bangkok's Wat Phra Kaeo which was built in 1785,
depict the Hindu god Hanuman playing sepak takraw in a ring with
a troop of monkeys. The game was played in its circle form for
hundreds of years, and the modern version of sepak takraw began
taking shape in Thailand sometime during the early 1740s.

SEPAK TAKRAW BALL

• The Sepaktakraw ball previously made of rattan shall be
spherical in shape, made of synthetic fiber of one woven layer.
• Have 12 holes.
• Have 20 intersections.
• Has a circumference measuring from 0.41m to 0.43m for men
and from 0.42m to 0.44m for women.4.2.4 Has a weight that
range from 170 gm to 180 gm for men and from 150 gm to 160
gm for women.
• The Sepaktakraw ball can be in plain single color, multi-
color, and luminous colors, but not in any color that will
impair the performance of the players.
• The Sepaktakraw ball can also be constructed of synthetic
rubber or soft durable material for covering the ball, for
the purpose of softening the impact of the ball on the
player’s body. The type of material and method used for
constructing the ball, or for covering the ball with rubber
or soft durable covering must be approved by ISTAF
before it can be used for any competition.
• All world, international, regional competitions sanctioned
by ISTAF, including but not limited to, the Olympic Games,
World Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Game and
SEA Games, must be played with ISTAF approved
Sepaktakraw balls.
SEPAK TAKRAW RULES
• The objective of this game is to hit the ball over the
net and onto the floor in the opponent's court
to score a point. Players are allowed to use their legs,
head and torso to contact the ball, but any contact
with their arms or hands is an infringement of the
rules.
• A game of Sepak Takraw is played between two Regus
- each consisting of three players. Each player takes up
a specific role in the game, either as a Tekong, a Killer
or a Feeder
• Their role also determines their positions on the court.
The Tekong typically stands at the back, while the two
other team members stand on opposite ends.
• The play starts with the Feeder throwing the ball to
the Tekong who will perform a serve with one foot in
the serving circle. All players are allowed to move
freely within their respective courts after the initial
serve.
• The play starts with the Feeder throwing the ball to
the Tekong who will perform a serve with one foot in
the serving circle. All players are allowed to move
freely within their respective courts after the initial
serve.
Tekong
The main purpose of Tekong’s role is to serve the ball.
Ideally, he will send the ball across the net with great speed
making it hard for the opponent to defend. The Tekong can
also surprise opponents by serving over a drop ball.
Killer
Also called the Striker, his goal is to execute volleys into the
opponent’s court. When not in possession of the ball, the
Killer will be responsible for blocking any incoming spikes.
Feeder
The Feeder has the most control over the ball in the game.
When in possession of the ball, they will set the ball to the
preference of their strikers. Their toss also determines if the
strikers can perform a clean strike. However, the feeder too
should be able to spike the ball. This role is usually reserved
for the most agile and responsive of the team.
SOFTBALL
George Hancock

He invented the game of

softball in 1887. The first
game was played indoors,
inside the Farragut Boat
Club in Chicago. Someone
found a boxing glove and
threw it and someone else
hit it with a stick.
Softball
• a modified form of baseball played on a smaller field with
a larger ball, seven rather than nine innings, and
underarm pitching. The game evolved during the late
19th century from a form of indoor baseball.

• It was invented in 1887 in Chicago, Illinois, United

States as an indoor game
 EQUIPMENTS
GLOVES
All defensive players wear fielding
gloves, made of leather or similar
material. Gloves have webbing
between the thumb and
forefinger, known as the "pocket“.
SOFTBALL BAT
• The bat used by the batter can be
made of wood, aluminum, or
composite materials such as carbon
fiber. Sizes may vary but they may be
no more than 34 inches (86 cm) long,
2.4 inches (6 cm) in diameter, or 38
ounces (1.1 kg) in mass.
SOFTBALL BALL SOFTBALL BASES
The ball is most often
covered in white or yellow
leather in two pieces roughly
the shape of a figure-8 and
sewn together with red
thread, although other
coverings are permitted. The
core of the ball may be made
of long fiber kapok, or a
mixture of cork and rubber,
or a polyurethane mixture, or
another approved material.
Protective Equipment
Softball protective equipment are a
must for every softball player whether
they be a youth or adult. Softball
protective gear includes a wide
selection of items including chest heart
guard protection, softball protective
face masks, and more.
SOFTBALL FIELD
Position
Accessorres required

*swimsuit
*nose clip
*various hair
*make up
SYNCHRONIZED
ICE SKATING
Synchronized Skating
•- is a team sport in which 8-20 skaters perform a program
together. It uses the same judging system as singles, pairs and dance
and is characterized by teamwork, speed, intricate formations and
challenging step sequences. As with the other disciplines, all teams
perform a free skate with required well-balanced program elements.
 Required Elements
1. Wheel - For a wheel every skater must rotate around a common center
point. There are many different formations that teams can form including
a two to five spoke or a parallel wheel.
2. Block - This is an element where the skaters are lined up in at least three
parallel lines. Five lines is the maximum a block can have. The block
should travel over the entire ice surface. The lines should be straight and
evenly spaced.
3. Circle - There are many different ways to complete this element. Teams
can have one circle, multiple circles, a circle within a circle, interlocked
circles, or disconnected circle. The circle should be evenly spaced between
the skaters and should form a round shape.
4. Intersection - An intersection, also known as a pass through, is when the
skaters skate towards each other in lines and intersect. The intersection can be
two lines, such as an angled intersection, but can have three or four lines, such
as a triangle or box.
5. Line - There are many different types of lines. Lines can be two parallel
lines, one straight line, or a diagonal line.
6. No Hold Element - The no hold element has the same qualities as a regular
block. The only difference is that the skaters are not connected in a no hold
block.
7. Pairs Element - This is a free skating move where one skater holds on to
another. Different types of pairs element include spins, lifts, and pivots such as
death spirals.
Equipments and Gears

 Skates - All figure skaters usually own their own figure skates.
Your skates should neatly be packed in your skate bag with
soakers protecting the blades.

 Soakers - are terry cloth blade covers

that protect and keep figure skating blades dry.
Guards - Blades will be ruined if they touch
concrete, wood, grass, or any surface
besides ice, rubber, or carpet, so skate
guards are a must. Some skaters wear
skate guards over their blades as soon
as they step off the ice.

Gloves - keeping hands warm, gloves

protect a skater's hands if he or she
falls on the ice.
Lawn Bowling
• Bowls, also know as lawn bowls, is a game involving
bowls – almost-spherical ball-like objects with
flattened sides and a weight bias – and jacks (a
smaller ball, this time spherical in shape), in which
the former are rolled (bowled) towards the latter
on the bowling green. It can be played indoors or
outside on grass or artificial surfaces and on flat
(flat-green bowls) or convex (crown-green bowls)
pitches (greens). It has a long history that stretches
back to at least the 13th century and possibly
earlier, with the world’s oldest surviving bowling
green – the Southampton Old Bowling Green –
dating way back to 1299
History of Lawn Object of the Game
Bowling The object of the game is simple: to roll your
• The history of Lawn Bowling bowls to as close a proximity to the jack as
is very old. It is believed that possible, and to ensure that one or more of your
this game was played in bowls are closer to the jack than any of those of
Europe during the 12th
your opponent.
century. It became very
famous in England because
in lawn bowling, physical
stress is minimum. Since in
those days there was always
a war with the neighbouring
countries, the same proved
to be a stress reliever.
Players & Equipment
The equipment required to get started with bowls is relatively
simple too, starting with the level (or convex for crown-green)
playing surface, foot mats and the jack. Players would also generally
require shoes with flat soles and a set of bowls.

The bowls themselves come in a variety of sizes but are generally

around 1.5kg in weight and possess a bias in weight so they roll in a
curved path, the precise judgement of which is where much of the
challenge of the game lies.

The bowling green is usually split into individual “rinks” in which

games are played as singles (one player against one other), pairs
(two against two), triples or fours. The rinks are 4.3 to 5.8 metres
wide and 31 to 40 metres long. There is a ditch at either end of the
green which must be wide enough for bowls to be able to fall into it
if they reach it.
 The Jack
The target is a small white ball which is
as big as a billiard ball. This ball is
known as the jack. Before the match
starts, the jack is rolled out on the field
The Bowls or Balls where the match will be played and it
becomes target for the game.
In Lawn Bowling, the bowls are
biased and these are not
perfectly round bowls. So, when a
player rolls the bowl, it moves in
a path which is curved in nature.
It means it curves when we roll
the ball. So this forces the player
to roll his bowl in an outward
direction with an angle to reach
the target.
Then each player will roll the ball on the field and
will try to place the ball as close to the jack as
possible. The lawn bowls are biased but the jack is
unbiased. The person who begins the game will roll
the jack on the field in a straight line, unlike the
bowling balls the jack’s movement path is straight
line as it is unbiased.
 At such times, it will be
impossible to tell which is
the closest with a naked
eye. At this moment, this
equipment the measuring
tape plays a big role in
finding who the winner is.
Measuring tape
 Rules of Bowls
• Which player or team to bowl
first is decided by the toss of a
coin, after which the first bowler
(the lead) places his/her mat and
rolls the jack down the green.
• The jack must travel at least 23
metres to be “in play” and is
moved to the centre of the rink
once it comes to rest.
• The players then take turns to
bowl, with points being scored
by each bowl that is closer to the
jack than the opponent’s closest
bowl.
• Upon completion of an end play
recommences in the opposite
direction (i.e. from the end at
which the jack previously rested).
• Bowls that fall into the ditch are
disregarded, however close the jack may be
to the ditch, unless they happen to touch
the jack before going into the ditch. In that
case they are still classified as in play.
• If the jack is knocked into the ditch though
within the side boundaries of the rink it is
still “alive” and in play. If it passes over the
side boundary of the rink (whether in the
ditch or not) a “ dead end” is declared and
the end is replayed with no scores being
counted.
• It is permissible – and often quite amusing!
– to strike other players’ bowls with your
own with the aim of gaining a strategic
advantage.
Outdoor lawn bowling
Indoor lawn bowling
Kin-Ball
Kin-Ball
• also known as omnikin, is a team sport
created in Quebec, Canada in 1986 by Mario
Demers.
• Court Size: 20×20 meters (66×66 feet) (Court
lines are included in measurement).

Players & Equipment

• played in a gymnasium usually but it can also
played outdoors. They only required
equipment to play the game is an official kin-
ball, 48" in size with a weight of 2.2lbs. This
can be in a range of colours such as grey,
black or pink.
Scoring
• Scoring in Kin-Ball is relatively simple. A fault occurs
when a team fails to catch and control the Kin-Ball before
it touches the ground.
Rules of Kin-Ball
• Games of kin-Ball have three periods, each lasting 15
minutes, although this can reduce to 7 minutes for
younger players.
• The game shall be played by the thee opposing teams
each consisting of four players.
• Between each period players will have a 1 minute break.
• The objective of the game is for any team when when
their colour is called to catch the ball eith any part of
their bodies before the ball touches the ground and then
hit it back to another team.
• Play continues like this until a fault is committed by one
team who fail to prevent the ball touching the ground and
a point is awarded to the two other teams.
• When playing the ball, a team should have three players
holding the ball, whilst the fourth player runs and strikes
the ball after clearly shouting “Omnikin” and the colour of
the team which will be required to run and catch the ball.
• Points can also be awarded to the two other teams if the
striker of the ball mistakenly yells the colour of his/her
own team.
• There are eight other types of foul in Kin-Ball.
-Shouting another team’s colour whilst simultaneously
striking the ball.
-Letting the ball touch the walls of the game room without
the naked team touching it.
-Hitting the ball twice in a row.
-Hitting the ball in a downwards direction.
-Taking more than 5 seconds to hit the ball after 3 players
make contact.
-Hitting the ball when there are less than 3 players in contact
with it.
-Purposely blocking an opposition player.
• The team with the most amount of points at the end of the
game is declared the winner.
 KORF BALL
•A ball sport with similarities with basketball
•Played by 2 teams of 8 players
•4 male and 4 female
•Invented by Nico Broekhuysenin 1902, Netherlands
•Belguim & Taiwan
OBJECTIVE:
Throw a ball into the
basket that is mounted
on a 3.5 m (11.5ft)
high pole