INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION IN THE
POWER SYSTEM
By,
Mahesh M
Asst.Prof.NIE-IT
INTERFACE WITH THE GRID
The connection point of an energy source to the grid is
usually referred to as the point of connection (PCC). Its definition
depends on the ownership and utility interconnect requirements.
Two different possible definitions are shown in Figure 2.59,
where typically the interconnection relay (protection) is installed
at the PCC
 The technology that connects an energy
source to the PCC, which is referred to as the
interfacing technology, may comprise another
transformer.
 Depending on the nature of their produced power,
different energy sources use different technologies to
interface/couple with the grid, as reported in Table.
 Interfacing Technologies

• Direct machine coupling

• Full power electronics coupling
• Partial power electronics coupling, and
• Modular or distributed power electronics
coupling.
 Direct machine coupling
In general, the sources that could be directly coupled to
the grid are those that originally produce mechanical power,
such as wind power, small hydropower, and some CHP. It is
then more efficient to transfer the mechanical power into
electrical power through direct machine coupling to the grid
without any intermediate stage.
• For a constant mechanical power, resulting in constant rotating shaft
speed, the synchronous machine is a proper candidate,
• whereas for strongly variable power, the induction machine is more
suitable. This is mainly because of the inherent oscillations damping
that the induction generator provide through the slip speed difference
between the rotor and stator.
• Permanent magnet synchronous machines are utilized for slow
rotational speed turbines.
• A linear synchronous machine is used to transfer vibrational energy
into electrical energy.
• The synchronous machine is used to interface small hydropower and
some CHP, where the mechanical power is controlled through
controlling the speed of the shaft.
• Synchronous generators can be a source of both active and reactive
powers to the electrical system. They typically require synchronizing
equipment to be paralleled with the grid.
• The induction machine is used to interface variable speed energy
sources with the grid.
Full Power Electronics Coupling with the Grid
Partial Power Electronics Coupling to the Grid
Distributed Power Electronics Interface
Impact of the Type of Interface on the
Power System
Local Control of Distributed
Generation