BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND

TECHNIQUES

SAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

SUBMITTED BY:
SANMAN SINGH RAJPUT (0188CE151076)
SANJEEV AHIRWAR (0188CE151074)
MD ABID (0188CE151035)
SHIVAM SAHU (0188CE151089)
• WORK
• MY SCOPE OF WORK
• GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• EXCAVATION
• PCC
• MATERIALS REQUIRED
• FOUNDATION
• COLUMN
• BEAMS
• COVER BLOCKS
• BAR CHAIRS
• INSPECTION AND TESTING
• ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING
 1. WORK
I performed most of the same duties which a civil engineers performs as
a civil engineer, only under supervision of a licensed, registered, experienced
civil engineer. The purpose of a civil engineer trainee position is to train a
newly graduated and licensed engineer how to correctly perform all job duties
while in a safe environment that allows for guidance and learning.
I learned how to analyze any situation and take correct decisions, take
field tests, to adopt safety measures, and research in order to complete
engineering projects that are limited in scope. As experiences grows, so do the
complexity of tasks, while supervision diminishes.
 2. MY SCOPE OF WORK
Proper supervision at the site so that the work done by contractors was as per the
terms, condition and instruction issued to them.
Quality Management like cube testing, silt testing, aggregate grade test, brick testing
such as dimension test and water absorption test when they arrived at the site ,
monitoring the filling of the cubes at the site in order to ensure the right date and
grade of concrete was put on the cube samples.
To ensure that safety procedures were adopted by the contractors like working at
height with safety belts, helmets to be worn by the person as long as he/she was at
site, proper safety shoes to be worn. In order to ensure these all safety points,
photographs were taken at the site of these people, who violated safety norms, penalty
was also imposed on the contractors. Weekly safety meetings were held to ensure that
these safety norms were followed.
 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

For the smooth running of the construction project facilities should be provided at
the site. The main facilities which should be provided at the site are :--
•Electricity
•Water
•Road
•Parking Place
•Sanitation
•Food
•Shelter
•Material Storage facilities
•Construction Site Fencing
•Emergency Access
•Safety Equipments
 4.EXCAVATION
The work involves the excavation of the trench to the required level, compacting
the sub-graded and preparing sand bedding for the foundation.
Procedure of Works :--
1.Care shall be taken during mechanized excavation using excavator and JCB’s
especially in the first 6M depth where most of the services are located.
2.Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical excavation shall be
stopped and manual excavation shall be done.
3.In areas where the trench is close to the buildings, depending on the type of
foundation of the building, shoring shall be done by planking, shuttering or trench
sheets.
4.In other areas it will be stopped open excavation with battened slopes.
5.Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is completed up to the
level of natural water table.
6.Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose material; rock projections
and the surface will be leveled and moistened uniformly before commencing
compaction.
7. Leveled Bottom shall be compacted as per specifications.
8.Where necessary, temporary pedestrian bridges over trenches and vehicle access
bridges shall be erected to provide access to labour.
 5. PCC – PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC
is done. Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious
bed to RCC in foundation where the earth is soft and yielding.
•The thickness of PCC was 100 mm at the site.
•The proportion of cement, sand and brick chips by volume in foundation
were 1:3:6.
•Form work or Shuttering for PCC with wooden plank was made as per
specified dimensions.
•Dust or foreign or loose earth was cleaned from concreting area.
•Polythene was spread over the bed of PCC.
•Concrete was placed gently from one side.
•Wooden rammer was used for compaction and finishing of PCC.
•The surface of PCC was made roughen for joining future work before the
concrete become harden.
•PCC was cured for 5-6 days by covering with moist gunny bags.
INSPECTION OF PCC
We inspected the PCC by performing following check or steps:--
•We check the dimensions of form work of PCC before mixing concrete.
•We check polythene sheet is laid over PCC bed or not.
•Checked the concrete slump (maximum slump should be 75 mm).
•Checked the thickness level of PCC before casting by putting steel pegs in
concreting area or putting level pillar of fresh concrete at suitable distance.
 6. MATERIALS REQUIRED

The materials which is used for construction purpose is known as

Building Materials. These may be natural occurring or artificial
(man- made). Naturally occurring includes :--
•CLAY
•SAND
•TIMBER ROCK
Following materials comes under the man-made category which
may be more or less synthetic :--
•REBARS
•CEMENT
•BRICKS
The three basic requirements for the construction of any building
are :--
•CONCRETE
•STEEL BARS
•BRICKS
CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the
fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement
or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together.
The type of concrete used on the site is M:25 for normal structures and M:35 for
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and for Underground Tank (UT); for slab admixtures
were added to concrete to gain strength with acceleration.
 7 FOUNDATION

Foundation used in Rasidiya School building Jahangirabad was of

Combined Foundation which includes Isolated Column footing and Brick Wall
Foundation. The Brick wall foundation was adopted to provide greater strength
to the Super Structure.
As RSB gives prime importance to strength of Structure so this type of
footing was best suited. The soil bearing capacity is good as it is a mountainous
area having large rocks which provides strong strata at shallow depth.
 8 COLUMN
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural
element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression
member. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be
designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed
"columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to
support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has
certain proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative
element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to
say form part of a wall.
 9. BEAMS
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the
beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to
these loads is called a bending moment.
 10. INSPECTION AND TESTING

We inspected the diameter of bars , spacing of stirrups, number of

stirrups, clear cover of columns, their diagonal distance between and
their distance from outer grid.
We measured these various parameters and then matched there values
with the architectural drawings of Column Layout.

INSPECTION OF BEAMS
In beams we inspected about the dia of steel bars used, spacing of rings,
numbers of rings, development length, depth of beam and other factors.
These value was then matched with the structural drawings of beams and if
matched then was considered correct.
 11. ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING

In simple words elevation means how a building looks from front, rear, left
and right once it is completed. This has nothing to do with the Structural
design; it only includes the aesthetic view of any building.
We need to examine the elevation of the building once it is completed with
the help of Elevation drawings. Here we examined the Front elevation of the
building and inspected the various aspect of the buildings.