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 Alapati

Vd. Alapati Vinod Kumar

 What is Yoga?

What is the relation

between Yoga &
Ayurveda?
What is the relation
between Yoga &
Contemporary
Science ?
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells arelevel
Cellular made up of molecules Atoms
Cells are made up of molecules

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Tissue Cardiovascular
Tissueslevel
consist of
Tissues types
consist system
similar ofof
cells Blood
similar types of cells vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective Organismal
The level
human organism is made
tissue Theofhuman
up many organism is made
organ systems
up of many organ systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different 5 Organ system level
types of tissues Organ systems consist of different
different organs
organs that
that
work together closely
Figure 1.1
 Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules
• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
• Organ – made up of different types of tissues
• Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together
• Organismal – made up of the organ systems
 Anatomy
Definition:-
It is the science which deals with the structures &
relationship among the structures of living
organisms. Anatomy is derived from a Greek word
Ana – of each.
tomy – to cut.
Anatome – to dissect.
So what is the difference between Surgery &
Anatomy?
Anatomy is conducted only on a Cadaver &
Surgery is conducted only on live person.
 Subdivisions of
Anatomy
1. Cadaveric Anatomy – is studied on cadaver as
macroscopic or gross anatomy by a naked eye.
It can be divided into two as –
a) Regional Anatomy – Head & Neck, Thorax
etc.
b) Systemic Anatomy – Locomotor, Vascular,
nervous system etc.
2. Living Anatomy – is studied on live persons with
the help of human or instrumental techniques
like palpation, auscultation etc.
Cont.
3. Embryology – is the study of the development of
an individual before birth. Which is also known
as Developmental Anatomy.

4. Histology – is the study of structures with the

help of a microscope, which is also know as
Microscopic Anatomy.

5. Surface Anatomy – is the study of inner parts of

the body in relation to the skin surface, which is
mainly applied in surgical and clinical practice.
Cont.
6. Radiographic Anatomy – is the study of interior
organs with the help of passing X-ray through the
body.

7. Experimental Anatomy – is the study of the

factors which influence and determine the form,
structure and function of different parts of the
body.

8. Comparative Anatomy – is the study of Anatomy

of the other animals to explain the chages in
form, structure and function of different parts of
the human body.
Cont.
9. Applied Anatomy – is the study deals with the
application of the anatomical knowledge to the
medical and surgical practice. Which is also
known as Clinical Anatomy.
 Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific organ
systems
–Renal – kidney function
–Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
–Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
• Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
 Physiology
• Understanding physiology also
requires a knowledge of physics,
which explains electrical currents,
blood pressure, and the way
muscle uses bone for movement
 Principle of Complementarities

• Function always reflects structure

• What a structure can do depends

on its specific form
 Terminology of Anatomy
1. Terms used in Positions of the body.
2. Terms used in Anatomical planes.
3. Terms used for indicating Directions.
4. Terms used in Limbs.
5. Terms used for Muscles.
6. Terms used in Movements.
7. Terms used for Vessels.
Anatomical Position.
All anatomical
descriptions are expressed
in relation to the
anatomical position:
Head, eyes, and toes
directed anteriorly
Upper limbs by the sides
with the palms facing
anteriorly
Lower limbs together
with the feet directed
anteriorly
 Terms used in Positions of the body

1. Supine Position – Lying down position with the

face directed upwards.

2. Prone Position – lying down position with the

face directed downwards.

3. Lithotomy Position – lying supine with the

buttocks at the edge of the table, the hip and
knees fully flexed, & the feet strapped in
position.
1. The Midsagittal Median Plane – it is
a vertical mid line, dividing the
body into left and right halves.

2. Parasagittal Plane (Paramedian) –

are parallel to the midsagittal plane.

3. Coronal Plane – is a vertical plane

ate right angles to the median plane.

4. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane – are

mutually perpendicular to the
midsagital & coronal planes,
dividing the body by cross sections.
 Terms used for indicating Directions
1. Superior (Cephalad or Cranial) – towards the
head or upper part of a structure. Eg: Heart is
superior to the liver.
2. Inferior (Caudal) – towards the feet or lower
part of a structure. Eg: Stomach is inferior to
lungs.
3. Anterior (Ventral) – Nearer to or towards the
front. Eg: Sternum is anterior to the heart.
4. Posterior (Dorsal) – Nearer to or towards the
back. Eg: The esophagus is posterior to trachea.
Cont.
5. Medial – Nearer to the midline of the body. Eg:
The Ulna is on the medial side of the forearm.
6. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body or a
structure. Eg: Radius is lateral to the Ulna.
7. Intermediate – Between two structures. Eg: The
ring finger is intermediate between the little and
middle fingers.
8. Ipsilateral – On the same side of the body. Eg:
The gallbladder and ascending colon are
ipsilateral.
9. Contralateral – On the opposite side of the body.
Eg: The ascending colon & descending colon are
contralateral.
Cont.
10. Superficial – towards the surface of the body.
Eg: The muscles of the thoracic wall are
superficial to the viscera in the thoracic cavity.
11. Deep – away from the surface of the body. Eg:
The muscles of the arm are deep to the skin of the
arm.
12. Parietal – Pertaining to the outer wall of a body
cavity. Eg: The parietal pleura forms the outer
layer of the pleural sacs that surrounds the lungs.
13. Visceral – pertaining to the covering of an
organ. Eg: The visceral pleura forms the inner
layer of the pleural sacs and covers the external
surface of the lungs.
 Terms used in Limbs
1. Proximal – nearer to the attachment of an
extremity to the trunk or a structure, nearer to
the point of origin. Eg: The Humerus is
proximal to the radius.
2. Distal – farther from the attachment of an
extremity to the trunk or a structure, away
from the point of origin. Eg: The Phalanges are
distal to the carpals.
3. Radial – The outer border of the upper limb.
4. Ulnar – The inner border of the upper limb.
5. Tibial – The inner border in the lower limb.
Cont.
6. Fibular – the outer border in the lower limb.
7. Flexor surface – The anterior surface in the
upper limb and the posterior surface in the lower
limb.
8. Extensor surface – The posterior surface in the
upper limb and the anterior surface in the lower
limb.
9. Palmar or Volar – pertaining to the palm of the
hand.
10. Planter – pertaining to the sloe of the foot.
 Terms used for Muscles
1. Origin – which is the fixed end portion of the
muscle.
2. Insertion – which is the moving end portion of the
muscle.
3. Belly – the fleshy & contractile part of a muscle.
4. Tendon – which is a fibrous noncontractile and
cord-like part of a muscle.
5. Aponeurosis – when tendon is flat it is know as
aponeurosis.
6. Raphe – a fibrous band made up of interdigitating
fibers of the tendons or aponeurosis.
Terms used in Movements

1. Adduction – movement towards

the central axis i.e. towards the
body.

2. Abduction – movement away

from the central axis i.e. away
from the body.
Terms used in Movements
1. Flexion – approximation of
the flexor surfaces where
the angle of the joint will
be reduced.

2. Extension – approximation
of the extensor surfaces
where the angle of the joint
will be increased.
1. Medial Rotation –
Inward rotation.

2. Lateral Rotation –
Outward rotation.
1. Pronation – the forearm
is rotated so that the palm
is directed downwards.

2. Supination – the forearm

is rotated so that the palm
is directed upwards.
1. Arteries – they carry Terms used for Vessels
oxygenated blood from heart
to tissues exception in
pulmonary and umbilical
arteries which carry
deoxygenated blood.
2. Capilaries – are the
continuation of arterioles and
connects to venules where the
exchanges of gasses and food
materials takes place at this
level.
3. Veins – they carry
deoxygenated blood from
tissues to the heart, exception
in pulmonary and umbilical
veins which carry oxygenated
blood.
 Branches Of Anatomy
1. Developmental Anatomy- Study of structural
embryology.
2. Systemic Anatomy- Study of system & its related
structures.
3. Pathological Anatomy- Study of a diseased tissues.
4. Regional Anatomy- Study of the body by regions.
5. Surface Anatomy- Study of the form & makings of the
surface of the body.
6. Radiological Anatomy- Study of tissues & structures
based on their visualization on X-rays.
7. Special Anatomy- Study of particular organ or part.
Among them we will see how the Systemic Anatomy is
divided.
Skeletal System
 Skeletal System (Asthi Dhatu)
Definition:-
All the bones of the body, their associated
cartilages, and the joints of the body.
Functions:-
Supports and protects the body, gives
leverage, produces blood cells, and stores
Minerals.
Types Of Skeletal Bones:
1. Axial & 2. Appendicular.
Muscular & Nervous System
 Muscular & Nervous System
Muscular System:-
Nervous System:-
Definition:-
Definition:
All the muscle tissue of
the body including Brain, Spinal cord, nerves
skeletal, visceral & & sense organs are
cardiac. involved in this system.
Function:- Function:
Participates in bringing Regulates body activities
About movement, through nerve impulses.
maintains posture &
produces heat.
 Endocrine System
Definition:-
The ductless glands
which produce the
Hormones.
Functions:-
Regulates body activities
through hormones
transported by the blood.
Cardiovascular (or) Circulatory System
 Cardiovascular (or)
Circulatory System
Definition:-
The Blood, heart, and blood vessels are involved in
this system.
Function:-
Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries
carbon dioxide and wastes from cells, maintains the
acid-base balance of the body, protects against
diseases, prevents hemorrhage by forming blood
clots and helps in regulating the body temperature.
 Lymphatic System
Definition: Lymph, lymph
nodes, lymph vessels & lymph
glands such as the spleen,
thymus gland and tonsils.
Function:
Returns proteins & plasma
to the cardiovascular system,
transports fats from the
digestive system to blood
stream, filters the blood,
produces white blood cells
and protects against diseases.
 Respiratory System
Definition:
The lungs and a series of
passageways leading into
and out of them.
Function:
Supplies oxygen, eliminates
carbon dioxide and helps
in regulating the acid-base
balance of the body.
Digestive &Urinary System
 Digestive &Urinary System
Digestive System
Definition:-A long tube &
associated organs such as
the salivary glands, liver,
pancreas, gallbladder,
stomach & intestines.
Function:-
Performs the physical and
chemical breakdown of
food for use by cells &
eliminates solid and other
wastes.
Urinary System:-
Definition: Organs that
produce, collect & eliminate
the urine.
Function:-Regulates the
chemical composition of
blood, eliminates wastes,
regulates fluid, electrolyte
balance & volume and helps
to maintain the acid –base
balance of the body.
Reproductive System
Definition:
Organs (testes & ovaries)
that produce reproductive
cells (sperm & ova) &
organs that transport and
store reproductive cells.

Function:
Reproduces the organism.
 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in an
ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in a
dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
 Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbance of homeostasis or the
body’s normal equilibrium
• Overwhelming of negative feedback
mechanisms allowing destructive
positive feedback mechanisms to
take over