ON

Submitted by:
Submitted to:
Mr. Muslim Khan Ashwini Singh
Asst. Professor Nishant Kumar
Department of civil engineering
Bharti Dhawan
Praveen Kumar
 Concrete is obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water and suitable
admixtures in required proportions. The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like
stone.
 The hardening is caused by chemical action between water and the cement due to
which concrete attains its strength with age.

 It is either done manually or mechanically

 It is the most widely used man –made construction material in world.

 Cement
 Aggregates
 Water
 Admixtures
Cement and water forms the active component of concrete, while the inactive group comprises
the fine and coarse aggregates. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the
aggregates together.

1.Ordinary Portland Cement 33,43 and 53

grade
2.Blended cements (PPC and PSC)
3.Sulphate Resisting Cement
4.Low Heat Portland Cement
5.Hydrophobic Cement
6.Coloured Cement
They are cheaper than cement and impart greater volume stability and
durability to concrete.
The main purpose is to provide bulk to the concrete.
Some of the aggregate may be chemically active.

CLASSIFICATION
Geological origin –natural and artificial
Size – fine,coarse and all-in
Shape – rounded,angular,irregular,flaky and elongated
Unit Weight –normal-weight , heavyweight and lightweight
WATER
The most important and least expensive ingredient of
concrete.
One part of it is used in the hydration of cement to form the
binding matrix.
The remaining water affords lubrication and workability to the
concrete.
Water-cement ratio depends on the grade of concrete,its
workability,durability,nature and type of aggregates.
Potable water is ideal for concreting.
Seawater may be used in PCC.
ADMIXTURES
Added to the concrete immediately or during mixing to modify its properties in the fresh or
hardened state.
TYPES OF MIXES
A: Nominal Mixes
 In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed as
nominal mixes.
B:Standard Mixes
 IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of
grades as M10,M15,M20,M25,M30,M35 and M40.in this
designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the
specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2
C: Design Mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but
the mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete except that the
minimum cement content can be laid down.
STEPS OF DESIGN MIX
1.TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
f’ck =fck +1.65s
where,
f’ck = Target compressive strength at 28 days.
fck = Characteristics compressive strength at 28 days
S = standard deviation (Table 1 IS 456)
2.SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO
From table 5 of IS:456-2000,
Maximum water cement ratio =0.45
Based on experience adopt water cement
ratio as 0.40
0.40<0.45 ,hence ok

3.SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

 From table 2 of IS 456-2000, maximum water
content=186 litres
 If super plasticizer is used ,the water content can be
reduced up to 20 percent
4. CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water cement ratio =0.40
Cement content = estimated water content/0.40
5.PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGG.AND FINE AGG. CONTENT
This will be calculated from the table 3 IS:456-2000
6.MIX CALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows

a) Volume of concrete =1 m3
b) Volume of cement = [quantity of cement/specific gravity]x[1/1000]
c) Volume of water =[quantity of water/1]x[1/1000]
d) Volume of chemical admixture = [quantity of admixture/specific
gravity]x[1/1000]
e) Volume of all in aggregates (e) =a-(b+c+d)
f) Quantity of coarse aggregate =e x volume of coarse aggregate x specific
gravity of coarse aggregate
g) Quantity of fine aggregates = e x volume of fine aggregate x specific gravity
of fine aggregate
MIX PROPORTION AND GRADE OF CONCRETE
SOLVED EXAMPLE