MYNMAR PRESENTATION SLIDES

CODE AFC 04
TOPICS COVERED
4.1 ELECTICAL POWER( ATA 24)
a) Batteries Installation & operation
b) D.C Power System & Generation
c) AC Power System & Generation
 Aircraft Power System
• Aircraft electrical power are produced by the
• Generators,
• Transformer Rectifier Unit’s (TRU),
• Ground Power Unit (GPU) and
• Battery
• They are distributed to equipments and system
depending upon the general layout of the electrical
system
• The numbers of equipment and system to be supplied
during normal operation.
 Categories of Services

• a. Vital Services
• b. Essential Services
• c. Non essential Services
• All the services are coupled to a distribution
conductor know as the Buss Bar
 Definition of Services

Vital Services:-

• Those that would be

required in emergency
situation and connected
directly to battery.
• Essential Services:
Those required to
ensure a safe flight in an
emergency situation.
But some Services are
may be omitted to
prevent over loading
since situation are
critical.
• Non- Essential Services:

Those which can be

isolated during an in-
flight emergency.
This services are no
used during emergency
flight condition
 Services Isolation
• All essential and non essential service can be
disrupted or isolated via the respective circuit
or switches
• Every Services are furnished by minimum of
one protective devices.
• This is to prevent overloading and shorting
 Type of Buss bar
• This are conducting strip situated in the
distribution panel and Power panels
a. Battery Buss bar
b. Centre Buss bar
c. Main Buss bar
d.Generator Buss bar
e.Ground Service Buss bar
 6.1 BATTERIES INSTALLATION AND OPERATION

• Depending on the size of aircraft

• Single battery or several batteries may be
provided.
• When several batteries are employed
• Connected in parallel
• A series connection is used, e.g. two 14-volt
batteries in series, 28DC volts
 MALAYSIAN AVIATION TR

Types of Cells. MAT

The cells are divided into two, they are:

• Primary cell.
• Secondary cell.

Primary cells.

1. This cells are not rechargeable.

2. Generally sealed units.
3. The discharged cells must be scrap and disposed.

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 MALAYSIAN AVIATION TR

MAT

Mercury Cells

Alkaline Cells

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 MALAYSIAN AVIATION TR
Secondary Cells.
MAT
1. It is a rechargeable cells.
2. The discharged cells are connected to an
electrical supply of suitable voltage and
current and resulting in restores back the
active plate materials and the electrolyte.

Note: The cell voltage is also affected by the electrolyte

concentration. The normal concentration of an electrolyte
is one gramme of the dissolved substances to one liter of solution.

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 MALAYSIAN AVIATION TR

Secondary battery MAT

Vented Lead Acid Sealed Lead Acid

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 Batteries are located and installed in
• Individual compartments specially designed and
• They are located to provide adequate heat dissipation, ventilation of gases
and protection of airframe structure against corrosive elements.
• Batteries should be located as near the main and battery buss bars
• To avoid the use of long leads and consequent high resistance.
• Batteries are normally mounted and Clamped to, a tray secured to the
aircraft structure.
• The tray material must be acid-proof, non-absorbent and resistant to
reasonable impacts. Many reinforced plastics are suitable
• Metal trays are, undesirable.
• Where metal trays are, unavoidable they are treated with an anti-corrosive
paint, or, in some cases, sprayed or coated p.v.c.
• The structure under and around the battery is also treated to avoid corrosive
attack by acid fumes and spray.
• Batteries are securely clamped and anchored to their structure to prevent
being torn in the event of crash landing
• Two typical battery installations are
 VENTING OF BATTERIES

• Venting of batteries and battery compartments

depends largely on the installation for the particular
type of aircraft.
Rubber or other non-corrosive pipes are usually used
as vent lines
• They are terminated at ports in the fuselage skin so
that the airflow over it draws air through the pipes by
venture action.
• Acid traps, in the form of polythene bottles, are
inserted in the lines to prevent acid spray being ejected on
the outer-skin of the aircraft.
• A typical venting configuration
 LEAD ACID BATTERIES

• Nominal Voltage per cell 2 volts Generally

aircraft battery is 24volt Therefore the
battery consist of 12 cells
• Active material Lead Peroxide +ve
plate(PbO2)
• -ve plate spongy Lead (Pb)
• Electrolyte –diluted sulphuric acid (2H2SO4)

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 Construction
• LEAD ACID TYPE

• Two form of lead acid construction

• Conventional Type
• Solid Block- Varley Type Battery –Maintenance free

• CONVENTIONAL TYPE
• Two terminal are lead grid anode +ve and cathode -ve
• Active plate positive and negative are interleave and
mechanically connected separated by a non porous
material
• Electrolyte are diluted sulphric acid
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• Additional negative plate are installed to ensure that the
chemical action is at the optimum and to prevent buckle
• To prevent internal shorting the plate are raise
• Gas vent are provided to prevent spillage also as a
maintenance inlet.

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Conventional Lead Acid 20
 Solid Block Lead Acid

• Solid block type the electrolyte is completely

mold together with the plate.
• This is to ensure that the chemical action are
more active.
• Solid type are robust it prevent any distortion
or shredding and has a high capacity to weight
ration .

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 Common fault on lead acid battery

• Careful maintenance will extend the life and

condition of the battery
• This are some of the common faults or defect
arise in a lead acid battery
• a. Sulphation
• b. Buckling
• C. Sedimentation
• d. Shredding
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 Nickel Cadmium Storage
Each cell is separated by a mould plastic casing
and connected by nickel plate link between
the terminal in series

Nickel cadmium cell

Nickel link

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 Nickel cadmium Battery NICAD
• In a typical Ni-Cad battery the cells are
mounted in a metal casing that has two
venting outlet, carrying handle, Quick release
connector and a lid.
LID

QUICK RELEASE
CONNECTOR METAL CASING

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 Advantages and disadvantages of a NI-CAD
battery
• Advantages
• Longer Life
• Terminal Voltage remain constant during
discharge cycle.
• It can be charge and discharge at high current
rating no cause damage to the cells
• Can be discharge to as low voltage without
causing damage to the cells.

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• DISADVANGES

• They are far more expensive

• Each cell has a lower voltage therefore need
more cells for a battery
• Due to heat produce during discharging and
charging will cause THERMAL RUNAWAY

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 THERMAL RUNAWAY
• Thermal Runaway is a condition when the heat
generated by the battery during changing and
discharging is not loss quick enough .
• The internal resistance will decrease and the current
increases Electrolyte and chemical activity will increase
within the battery causes more heat to generate.
• Thermal runaway can cause battery to boil and damage
the battery.
• Some battery are fitted with a thermistor to sense
temperature and provide warning.

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 Typical Battery System
Normal operating conditions of a
d.c. supply system,
The power selector switch is set to the
“battery” position “flight” position)
This will cause current flows from the
batteries to the coil of a battery relay,
pass the switch, and ground via the
reverse current circuit breaker.
The d.c. services connected to the
main buss bar are supplied by the
generators
The batteries will also be supplied with
charging current from this source.
 Under Emergency Condition
• A failure of the generator supply or
main buss bar occurs,
• The batteries must be isolated
from the main buss bar to
prevent battery drain
• The power selected switch “off”
position,
• de-energizing the battery relay.
• The batteries then supply the
essential services for the time
period pre-calculated on the basis
of battery capacity and current
consumption of the essential
services.
• The reverse current circuit
breaker its purpose is to
protect the batteries against
heavy current flow from the
main buss bar. (Reverse
Application)
• The current reverses the
magnetic field causing the
normally closed contacts to
open
• Causing interrupted the
circuit between the batteries
and the main buss bar, and
the battery relay coil circuit.
 PARALLEL/SERIES CONNECTION OF BATTERIES

• Some battery system are

• Designed so that the batteries may be
switched from a parallel configuration
to a series configuration for the
purpose of starting an engine from the
batteries.
• The circuit system using two 24-volt
supply nickel-cadmium batteries
Under normal parallel operating
conditions,
Battery 1 is connected to the buss bar
via its own battery relay.
Battery 2 is directly connected to the
buss bar via its relay
•“internal” start,
• Both batteries are connected to the battery buss bar
24-volt supply is fed to the starter circuit switch from
the buss bar.
• Closing of the starter switch energizes the
corresponding starter relay, and at the same time the
24-volt supply is fed via the starting circuit, to the coil
of the battery switching relay thereby energizing it.
• Contacts 1a-1b of the relay are now opened to
interrupt the direct connection between battery 1 and
the buss bar.
• Contacts 3a-3b are also opened to interrupt the
grounded side of the battery 2.
• However, since contacts 2a-2b of the switching relay
are simultaneously moved to the closed position,
• They connect both batteries in series so that 48 volts
is supplied to the buss bar and to the starter motor.
• After the engine has started and reached self-
sustaining speed, the starter relay automatically de-
energizes and the battery switching relay coil circuit is
interrupted to return the batteries to their normal
parallel circuit configuration.
• The power selector switches are left in the “battery
position so that when the engine-driven generator is
switched onto the buss bar, charging current can flow
to the batteries.
•
 BATTERY CHARGING FROM EXTERNAL
POWER

• In some aircraft systems, the battery may be charged when

an external power unit (EPU) is plugged into the aircraft.
• This is achieved by a battery relay closing circuit connected
across the main contacts of the relay
• the external power connected and switched on, power to
the battery relay output terminal via the closed contacts of
the external power relay.
• At the same time, power is applied to the battery relay
closing circuit via its diode and resistor which reduces the
voltage to the input side of the battery relay’s main
contacts and coil.
• When the battery master switch is selected to “ON”
• Sufficient current flows through the coil of the battery
relay to energize it.
• The closed contacts of the relay then allow full voltage from
the external power unit to flow to the battery for the
purpose of charging it.
• The purpose of the fuse in the closing circuit is to interrupt
the charge in the event of a “shorted” battery.
• Caution when the battery is being charged in this manner,
the voltage and current output from the EPU or GPU must
be properly regulated.
 Categories of aircraft Batteries
• Main Battery
• Purpose of main battery:
• Used for emergency electrical power in the
event of generator fail
 Other type of Batteries
a. Auxiliary battery

b.Navigation system battery.

c. Emergency light battery

 Auxiliary Battery
• Used for starting up the auxiliary power unit
(APU).
 Navigation System Battery
• Primarily used as a back-up system the navigation
systems. It supplies power to the Inertial Reference
System (IRU’s) and related displays in case of power
generation failure during flight.
 Emergency Light Battery
• To illuminate the cabin and emergency
exits after emergency landing.
• There are also needed for evacuation of
passengers during the night or when there
is smoke in cabin.