Day1 - Part2: PVT Measurements Fluid Sampling Methods Fluid Properties Representative Fluid Samples

Day1 – Part2
 PVT measurements
 Fluid sampling methods
 Fluid properties – What is important and why?
 Representative Fluid Samples
 Examples
 Backward DLE Material Balance & Separator Density Check
 Separator Recombination
 CVD check material balance (forward, backward)
 Estimate Gas and Oil Recovery from a Gas condensate reservoir produced by
depletion.
 Design of a sampling and PVT program
Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

1
PVT Experiments
Laboratory Analysis Oil Gas Condensates

Bottomhole Sample N
Recombined Composition
Constant Composition Expansion (CCE, CME)
Differential Liberation Experiment (DLE) N
Multistage Separator Experiment (MSF)
Constant Volume Depletion(CVD)
C7+GC Simulated Distillation
C7+ TBP Destillation
PVT Experiments Designed for Gas Injection

Multistage Swelling Experiment
Multistage Contact Experiment
Slimtube Experiments
Standard
Can be Performed
N Not Recommmened

2
Bottom Hole Sample BHS
 Flash Sample to standard

conditions
 Measure Volume of surface gas

and surface oil
 Determine the normalized weight

fractions wgi and woi of surface
sample using gas chromatograph
 Measure surface-oil molecular

weight (Mo), and specific gravity

3
Example of a BHS
 The weight fractions are converted

to mole fractions
 Recombining mathematically the
surface oil and gas sample to
obtain the composition of the
bottom hole sample. Using the
equations below:

4
Recombined Separator Sample
 Recombined separator samples is

the most common fluid sample
type from gas condensate
reservoirs. It is also often used for
saturated and near-saturated oil
reservoirs.
 The separator gas composition is

usually found by injecting a gas
sample straight into a GC.
 The separator oil composition is

obtained using the same
procedures as for bottom hole
samples.

5
Recombined Separator Composition
 The wellstream composition is

found by mathematically
recombination of the separator oil
and gas compositions.
 The laboratory recombination GOR

is calculated using the following
equation.
 The reported separator GOR

should be used for recombination

6
Checking recombined separator samples
 The Hoffmann et al method can be

used to check if the separator oil
and gas compositions are in
equilibrium.
 A plot of LOG(KiP) vs Fi shall

follow a straight line (C7+ might be
a bit “low”).

7
Constant Composition Expansion (CME, CCE)
 This is the most common PVT

experiment.
 CME is conducted both for oil and

gas condensates
 Measured Properties:
 Total volume
 Bubble point/Dew point pressure
 Bubble point density
 Undersaturated gas Z-factor
 Isothermal compressibility for
under saturated oil
 Condensate volume below the
dew point pressure (gas)

8
Measured CCE Data Example

9
Quality Checking of the Reported Data
 Check the Y-function vs.

pressure for oil (smoothing of
total volume below saturation
pressure)
 Gas Z-factor should be

compared with calculated Z-
factor from Standing
correlation.

10
Differential Liberation Experiment
 Design to approximate the depletion

process for an oil reservoir.
 A blind PVT cell is usually used for

the conventional measurement
 Viscosity apparatus needed

 Roiling ball, capillary tube, and etc.
 After converting to stock tank basis,

the measured oil PVT data can be
used to generate black oil PVT
tables

11
Measured and Calculated Properties
 Bubble point oil volume
 Removed gas volume, specific
gravity and (compositions)
 Remaining oil volume
 Residual oil volume, specific
gravity, and (compositions)
 Oil viscosity
 Calculated Properties:
 Bubblepoint oil density
 Differential solution gas/oil ratio
 Differential oil FVF
 Oil density and gas Z-factor

12
Measured DLE Data Example

13

14

15

16
 Material balance check when

compositions are available
 Backward MB
 Start from residual oil and
add the released gases.
 Compared with the initial
reservoir oil composition

17
Converting to Stock-Tank Basis
(Including Surface Process)
 Traditionally the data from an DLE and a MSF experiment has been
combined to calculate black oil PVT data for the reservoir oil. The black oil
PVT data is calculated using the following equations:
 The most common method today is to tune an EOS to the measured DLE
data and multi-stage separator. The tuned EOS model is then used to
simulate the surface process by passing oil and gas at each stage through
the surface process.
 Some PVT laboratory provide the converted DLE data to stock tank basis

18
Multi-Stage Separator Test
 Originally designed for reservoir oil to provide
a basis for converting DLE data from residual
oil to stock tank oil by including the effect of
surface process.
 Also apply to high liquid-yield gas condensate
 Flash equipment is used for MST experiment
 Initial volume at saturation pressure (or higher)
 Separator oil volume at each stage
 Release gas volume, specific gravity, and
(compositions)
 Residual oil volume, density, and (composition)
 Formation volume factor (FVF)
 Gas-Oil ratio (GOR)

19
Measured MST Data Example

20
Measured MST Data Example

21
 Check the calculated properties
from the raw data
 Hoffman K-values for the primary

separator when compositions are
available
 Backward material balance check

 Start form the residual oil
 Add released gases back
 Compare the back calculated
reservoir fluid composition with the
measured.

22
Constant Volume Depletion
 CVD experiment is the most

important PVT experiment for gas
condensate reservoirs.
 Designed to provide volumetric and

compositional data for gas
condensate and volatile oil
reservoirs producing by pressure
depletion.
 Extract reservoir engineering

quantities:
 Recovery vs. reservoir pressure
 Produced well stream composition
(surface product) vs. pressure
 Average oil saturation in the
reservoir during depletion.

23
Constant Volume Depletion
 Measured Properties
 Liquid and gas volumes at each
pressure stage
 Gas composition and gas volume
produced at each stage
 Gas Z-factor
 Volume, compositions,and density
of the residual oil
 The PVT Data provided from this

experiment can be used directly to
calculate oil and gas recovery for a
GC-reservoir produced by depletion.

24
Measured CVD Data Example

25
Recovery
600
Surface Gas
500
Surface Oil
  p / Z d N  n p  1  rsi  Cog 
CVD (Reservoir) Pressure, bara
  p / Z d
 1        
d  k 1  rsk  Cog 
400 RFgD
  p / Z i   p / Z i k 1  n
300  p / Z d  p / Z d N  n p  1/ rsi  C og 

RFoD  1        
 1/ r  C 
  p / Z i  p / Z i k 1  n d k sk og
200
z7 1 R Tsc 7
rs   Cog  
1  z7 Cog Psc M7
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Surface Gas and Surface Oil Recovery Factors

26
 Backward material balance

 Start from residual oil and add the released gases back
 Compare final back calculated composition with the initial measured
gas composition
 Not as sensitive to errors in composition as the forward MB
 Forward material balance

 Start from the initial reservoir gas
 Calculate the oil in the PVT cell at each stage
 Compare calculated last stage oil with the measured residual oil
composition
 Check K-values at each stage
 Easy to fail with lean gas condensate at initial stages

27
TBP-Distillation
 In a TBP distillation the separation

of fractions are done by
vaporization. Each distillation cut
has a range of boiling points.
 For each of the distillation cuts the

following physical properties are
measured.
 Molecular weight
 Specific gravity (density)
 The physical properties of the last

fraction is often from material
balance.

28
TBP-Distillation
 Example of data from a TBP-distillation

29
Gas Chromatography (GC) Simulated Distillation
 GC distillation is based on selective

separation of components as
temperature is increased ion a capillary
tube.
 The mass distribution of the fluid

produced out of the capillary tube is
measured. The mass is “converted” to
components based on the temperature
(time) known pure components are
produced.
 No information about the physical

properties are provided. Katz-
Firoozabadi Generalized properties often
assumed. Estimated molecular weight
used to convert from mass to moles.

30
Gas Chromatography (GC) Simulated Distillation
 The GC-apparatus require proper
maintenance to be reliable. It is
specially sensitive to shift in baseline.

31
Swelling Experiment
 The most common PVT experiment

used in connection with gas
injection
 This experiment provide useful PVT

data for swelling of under saturated
oil by injection gas and for tuning of
the EOS.
 No vapor or liquid is removed.
 Total volume
 Bubble point density
 Liquid volume below the saturation
pressure (CME experiment at each
injection point)

32
Measured Swelling Data Example
 It is recommended to have 5-6
injection stages. The mixtures
should cover the following fluids
 1-2 Volatile oils
 1 Near critical oil
 1 Near critical gas condensate
 1-2 Rich gas condensates
 Perform a CME experiment at each

injection stage
 Occasionally, the compositions are

determined for some stages in the
swelling test (known as Equilibrium
Phase Split experiment).

33
Measured Swelling Data Example

34
Backward and Forward Multi-Contact
Experiment
 The forward and backward multi-contact
experiments provide useful phase and
volumetric data for gas injection study
and tuning of the EOS.
 Forward multi-contact: developed gases

contact with original oil
 Gas Injection in oil reservoirs at
miscible or near-miscible conditions
 Backward multi-contact: original gas

contacts with altered oil
 Can be used for revaporization of
retrograde condensation
 Gas Injection in oil reservoirs or gas
condensate reservoirs below the dew
point.

35
Measured and Calculated Properties
Backward MCV  Measured Properties
(Backward and Forward):
 Injection and removal
volumes
 Vapor phase and liquid
phase saturation
 Density and viscosity for
each phase
 Composition analysis for
each phase
 K values at each injection
stage

36
Measured Multi-Contact Data Example
Example of data from forward MCV experiment

37
Data Quality Check
 Consistency check
 Compare the stage phase properties, K-values together
 Material balance check

 Backward
 Forward

38
Slim-Tube Displacement (MMP)
 Slim-tube displacement yield the

most reliable information for defining
true multi-contact miscibility (MMP)
 The following data are measured:

 Cumulative oil production
 Gas-oil ratio
 Gas and oil density (standard
conditions)
 The MMP are interpolated from oil

recovery after @ 1.2 PV of gas
injection

39
Slim-Tube Displacement (MMP)
 At MMP or a higher pressure the oil

recovery @ 1.2 PV of gas injection should
be >95%.
 Above MMP the oil recovery is

independent on pressure.
 Slim-tube experiments run at 5-6

pressures is usually sufficient to
determine MMP.
 Minimum Enrichment pressure (MME) is

found using enrichment as the variable
instead of pressure (varying injection gas
composition at a constant pressure).

40
Measured Slim-Tube Data Example

41
Fluid Sampling
 Fluid sampling methods

 Bottom hole sampling
 Separator sampling
 MDT-RFT sampling
 Wellhead sampling(Thornton Sampling)
 Isokinetic sampling
 Sampling Summary
 Example: Gas condensate fluid sampling

42
“Representative” Fluid Samples
- Determine initial fluids in place

Representative Sample
- Fluid model development
1. Insitu-representative:
RepresentsI the original
fluid(s) in the depth interval
drained by the well during
sampling.
x
2. Reservoir representative:
Any fluid (mixture) produced
from the reservoir!

43
“Representative” Fluid Samples
Insitu-representative Samples: Reservoir-representative Samples:
 Represents the original fluid(s) in
 Represents any fluid produced from the
the depth interval drained by the
reservoir.
well during sampling.
 May vary as a function of depth,  Are easily obtained.
from one fault block to another,  May be used to create estimates of the
and between non-communicating insitu-representative fluids!
layers.
 All reservoir-representative samples
 May be difficult to measure (having reliable PVT data and
directly, due to near-wellbore compositions) should be used in
multiphase behavior in saturated, developing an EOS fluid
slightly undersaturated, and low- characterization.
permeability reservoirs
 Accurate insitu-representative
samples are used to determine
the initial hydrocarbons (oil and
gas) in place.

44
Bottom hole Sampling When is bottom hole sampling
recommended?
 Undersaturated oils
 Flowing BHP higher than saturation
pressure
When is bottom hole sampling not
recommended?
 Gas Condensates
 Foaming oils
 Highly viscous oils
Quality check:
 BH pressure during sampling
 Production conditions prior to
sampling
 Perforation interval
 Characterization Factor (Multiple
samples)

45
Separator Sampling
When is separator sampling
recommended?
 Oil reservoirs
 Gas and gas condensate reservoirs
When is separator sampling not
recommended?
 Waxy crude oils may require
heating
Quality check:
 Production conditions prior and
during to sampling
 Recombination GOR
 Perforation interval
 Hoffman et. Al Kp-F plot
 Characterization Factor (Multiple
samples)

46
Separator Sampling - Hoffman et. Al Kp-F plot
Used for checking consistency of
reported separator gas- and oil
compositions.
Standing Low-pressure K-values:
Should be reasonable for psp < 1000

psia, and Tsp < 200 F

47
Separator Sampling – Characterization Factor
Used for checking
consistency of STO density
and molecular weight
Watson Characterization Factor
Kw sould be constant for a given field

(common fluid system) within +/- 0.01
Paraffinic: Kw = 12.5 – 13.5

Naphtenic: Kw = 11 – 12.5
Aromatic: Kw = 8.5 – 11.0

48
MDT-RFT Fluid Samples
When is MDT/RFT sampling
recommended?
 Oil reservoirs
 Gas and gas condensate reservoirs
 Layered reservoirs with different fluid
 Compositional grading reservoirs

recommended?
 Highly viscous crude
 Low permeability reservoirs
 Carefully when oil based drilling mud
(OBM) has been used
Quality checks:
 Saturation pressure and
 Sampling transfer
 Volume of sample

49
Mini Laboratory Thornton Sampling
When is Thornton sampling
recommended?
 Lean gas condensate.
 Separator rates are not needed.

recommended?
 Quite expensive – careful separator
sampling, potentially with isokinetic
liquid-carryover control, is usually
sufficient.
Quality checks:
 Production conditions prior and
during to sampling
 Recombination GOR

50
Iso-Kinetic Sampling
When is Iso-Kinetic sampling
recommended?
 Lean gas condensate tested with
high rates (liquid carry-over).
Method:
1. Get oil-free gas by sampling in
same direction as the flow.
2. Sample against the direction of
flow to get gas containing carry-
over oil.
Comparing the two compositions,

carryover can be determined.
Sampling rate?

51
Sampling-Summary
Produced Well Reservoir and Flow Sampling Possibilities and Procedure
Fluids Position Ref. Characterisitcs Bottomhole Sampling Surface Sampling MDT/RFT Sampling Remarks
Stable "drawdown". Be
GOR=GORi=Consta aware of OBM
3.21 nt Pwsi>Pb Well flowing with Pwf>pb Stabilized flow with Pwf>Pb contamination.
New Reservoirs or
Undepleted Zones
Oil Reservoirs
Smallest possible stable flow Stable low "drawdown"

rate. If GOC is close, Watch up for OBM Near perfect GOC oil and gas
Progressive reduction Perforate close but below contamination. Good samples can be acheived from
GOR> GORi of flow rate. Well GOC and produce at high (additional) sampling the separtor samples using the
Psi = Pb closed until stabilized rate to allow gas coning. method in reservoirs with ECM (Equilibrium contact mixing
3.22 Saturated Reservoirs conditions Sample during gas coning. compositional gradients. method) (SPE 28829)
GOR=GORi=Consta
Reservoirs or
3.31 nt Pwsi>Pb Same procedure as in 3.21

GOR> GORi
Producing
New Reservoirs or depleted
3.32(a) Psi > Pb Accurate

Same estimate of as
procedure Insitu
in 3.22
Undepleted Zones zones
GOR> GORi No insitu representative GOC oil and gas composition No insitu representative
3.32(b) Psi < Pb sampling possible can be achieved using ECM sampling possible
Smallest possible stable flow
rate. Let GOR and seprator Stable low "drawdown". Be
conditions stabilize. aware of OBM
In Reservoirs with a saturated contamination. Good
Gas Reservoirs
GOC near perfect samples additional sampling method

GOR=GORi or close can be achieved using ECM in reservoirs with
4.1 to GORi Not advisable (see point 3.22) compositional gradients.
depleted zones
New Reservoirs Reservoirs or
4.2a GOR = GORi Not advisable as for 4.1

Producing
No insitu representative No insitu representative

4.2b GOR>GORi Not advisable sampling possible sampling possible
Stable low "drawdown". Be
doubtful cases
aware of OBM
Volatile Oil or
No possibility of contamination. Good

getting any reservoir additional sampling method
chraracteristics from in reservoirs with Sample representativty might be
5 Well test data Not advisable as for 4.1 compositional gradients. known after PVT study

52
Sampling-Summary
 Advantages of Subsurface sampling

 Collect desired sample directly
 Can maintain full pressure of sample
 Avoids use of surface separators (surface metering uncertainties)
 Avoids recombination errors
 Less sampling information transmitted to PVT laboratory
 Advantages of MDT/RFT samples

 Collects the fluid sample directly the formation
 Fluid sample from a very narrow depth interval
 Not affected by fluid segregation in the well
 Advantages of separator samples

 Large fluid volumes can be taken
 Easy, convenient and less expensive when surface separators are already on location
 No tools in the borehole
 Does not require single phase fluid in the well bore

53
What is important and why?
Gas Condensate Reservoirs
 All production mechanisms

 Gas Z-factor, solution OGR
 Depletion drive
 y6+ with pressure (from CVD experiments)
 Saturation pressure
 Z-factor with pressure
 Gas injection
 Multi contact experiment (backward)

54
What is important and why?
Oil Reservoirs
 All production mechanisms

 FVF, density (reservoir & STO), viscosity, GOR
 Saturation pressure (important for tuning of EOS)
 Depletion drive
 Gas liberation (from DLE experiments)
 Oil shrinkage
 Gas injection
 MMP (Near Miscible/Miscible gas injection)
 Multi stage swelling experiment
 Multi contact experiment (backward)

55
What Type of PVT Experiments are Required
Depletion & Water Injection
 Oil reservoir
 Multistage Separator Experiment (MSF)
 Differential Liberation Experiments (DLE)
 Constant Mass Expansion (CME)
 Oil Viscosity (DLE,CME)
 Gas condensate/Near Critical fluids

 Multistage Separator Experiment (MSF)
 Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
 Viscosities (not important for High Perm GC reservoirs)

56
What Type of PVT Experiments are Required
in Addition for Gas/Wag Injection
 Oil/Near critical fluids

 Multistage Stage Swelling Experiments (MCV) through critical fluid
(including oil & gas compositions)
 Multi Contact Experiments (Forward/Backward)
 Slimtube experiments (minimum 5-6 pressures)
 Gas condensate (injection below dew point)

 Multi Contact Experiments (Backward)

57
Exercise: Quality Check Differential Liberation
Experiment
 What’s measured?
 Bubble point oil volume
 Removed gas volume, specific
gravity and (compositions)
 Remaining oil volume
 Residual oil volume, specific
 Oil viscosity
 What to check?
 Stage oil densities
 Gas z-factor
 Also compare reservoir density
with calculated reservoir
density from multi-separator
test.

58
DLE Quality Check
 Material balance check when
 Backward MB
 Start from residual oil and
add the released gases.
 Compared with the initial
reservoir oil composition

59
DLE Matbal

60
Exercise: Consistency Check of SEP Data
 Initial volume at saturation
pressure (or higher)
 Separator oil volume at each
stage
 Release gas volume, specific
 Residual oil volume, density,
and (composition
 What to check?
 Reservoir oil densities
(compare with DLE and/or CCE
data).
 GOR and Bo trend if you have
several separator experiments.

61
Reservoir Oil Density Calculation
(Compare with DLE and/or CCE)
Field Units
62.4   o  0.0136   g  Rs tot

o 
Bo
Metric Units
 o  0.0012192 g Rs tot
o 
Bo

62
Measured SEP Data Example
DLE Matbal
63
Exercise: Quality Check CVD Experiment
 Bubble point/Dew point
pressure
 Liquid and gas volumes at each
pressure stage
 Gas composition and gas
volume produced at each stage
 Gas Z-factor
 Volume, compositions,and
density of the residual oil
 What to check?
 Material balance (forward and
backward).

64
CVD Material Balance
 Backward material balance

 Start from residual oil and add the released gases back
 Compare final back calculated composition with the initial measured
gas composition
 Not as sensitive to errors in composition as the forward MB
 Forward material balance

 Start from the initial reservoir gas
 Calculate the oil in the PVT cell at each stage
 Compare calculated last stage oil with the measured residual oil
composition
 Check K-values at each stage
 Easy to fail with lean gas condensate at initial stages

65
Measured CVD Data Example

66
Class Exercise: Oil and Gas Recovery for a Gas
Condensate produced by depletions
• Calculate oil and gas recovery for
the gas condensate fluid shown in
Table 6.12
• Assume production by depletion
• Neglect water and rock
compressibility
• Assume a surface process with C7+
as the STO
• Assume a surface process with C6+
as the STO
GC-Rec Spreadsheet

67
Class Evaluation Project
Design of Fluid Sampling and PVT Experiments
Reservoir A: Reservoir C:
- Under-saturated oil reservoir - Highly under-saturated gas condensate

- Medium sized reservoir reservoir.
- Depletion and/or water injection - High permeability.
- Primary depletion.
Reservoir B: Reservoir D:
- Saturated oil reservoir with initial gas - Saturated gas condensate reservoir.
cap
- Low permeability.
- Large reservoir
- Potential gas injection followed by
- Gas injection in gas cap, followed by depletion.
depletion

68
Reservoir A – Sampling & PVT Measurements
PVT Measurements:
Reservoir A: - Multi-Stage Separator Experiments (SEP)
- Constant Composition (CCE)
- Differential Liberation (DLE)
- Under-saturated oil reservoir
- Oil Viscosity Measurements (VISC)
- Medium sized reservoir
- Depletion and/or water injection
Key Data:
- Bo and GOR from SEP experiment.
- Oil densities (CCE, DLE).
Sampling:
- Oil viscosities (CCE, DLE).
- Bottom-hole samples
- Oil shrinkage and Solution GOR from
- Separator sample
DLE.
- Gas Z-factor
- Oil compressibility (CCE).
- Bubble-point pressure (EOS tuning).

69
Reservoir B – Sampling & PVT Measurements
PVT Measurements:
Reservoir B: - Multi-Stage Separator Experiments (SEP
Oil & Gas)
- Constant Composition (CCE Oil and Gas)
- Saturated oil reservoir with initial - Differential Liberation (DLE Oil)
gas cap
- Constant Volume Depletion (CVD Gas)
- Large reservoir
- Gas injection in gas cap, followed - Backward multi-contact experiments (Oil
by depletion and Injection Gas).
- Oil Viscosity Measurements (VISC Oil)
- ECM experiment (Oil and Gas)
Sampling:
- TBP (From reservoir oil)
- Separator sample (Gas & Oil)
- Bottom-hole (Oil)
Key Data: (Addition to Res A)
- ECM Sampling - Vaporization of oil
- CVD gas compositions
- Equilibrium oil and gas composition
at GOC (ECM oil and gas).
70
Reservoir C – Sampling & PVT Measurements
PVT Measurements:
Reservoir C: - Constant Composition (CCE)
- Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
- Multi-Stage Separator Experiments (not
- Highly under-saturated gas required for lean systems).
condensate reservoir.
- High permeability. Key Data:
- Primary depletion. - Gas z-factor
- Producing gas composition (amount
Sampling: of C7+ in gas).
- Separator sample (Always!) - Cumulative amount of gas produced
- Bottom-hole sample (check from CVD.
production GOR consistency) - Separator oil densities (C7+
- Isokinetic sampling (evaluate for characterization).
lean gases) - Dew-point pressure (only for EOS
tuning)

71
Reservoir D – Sampling & PVT Measurements
PVT Measurements:
Reservoir D: - Constant Composition (CCE)
- Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
- Multi-Stage Separator Experiments
- Saturated gas condensate reservoir.
- Multi Contact Vaporization
- Low permeability.
- Viscosity measurements (Separator Oil,
- Potential gas injection followed by
depletion. at reservoir p, T)
- Slim-tube Experiments (for rich, near
critical fluid systems only).
Sampling:
- TBP (Stock Tank Oil)
- Separator sample.
Key Data (Addition to Res A)
- Oil vaporization (injection)
- Relative oil volume (blockage)
- Oil viscosity (blockage)

72

Day1 - Part2: PVT Measurements Fluid Sampling Methods Fluid Properties Representative Fluid Samples

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Day1 - Part2: PVT Measurements Fluid Sampling Methods Fluid Properties Representative Fluid Samples

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Day1 – Part2

 Fluid sampling methods

 Fluid properties – What is important and why?

 Representative Fluid Samples

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Laboratory Analysis Oil Gas Condensates

PVT Experiments Designed for Gas Injection

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Flash Sample to standard

 Measure Volume of surface gas

 Determine the normalized weight

 Measure surface-oil molecular

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 The weight fractions are converted

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Recombined separator samples is

 The separator gas composition is

 The separator oil composition is

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 The wellstream composition is

 The laboratory recombination GOR

 The reported separator GOR

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 The Hoffmann et al method can be

 A plot of LOG(KiP) vs Fi shall

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 This is the most common PVT

 CME is conducted both for oil and

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Check the Y-function vs.

 Gas Z-factor should be

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Design to approximate the depletion

 A blind PVT cell is usually used for

 Viscosity apparatus needed

 After converting to stock tank basis,

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Material balance check when

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Also apply to high liquid-yield gas condensate

 Flash equipment is used for MST experiment

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 Hoffman K-values for the primary

 Backward material balance check

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 CVD experiment is the most

 Designed to provide volumetric and

 Extract reservoir engineering

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

 The PVT Data provided from this

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S

300  p / Z d  p / Z d N  n p  1/ rsi  C og 

Course in Advanced Fluid Phase Behavior. © Pera A/S