COMPUTER NETWORKS

• Computer Networks involves group of computers

and associated devices that are connected by
communications facilities.
• A network can be small as LAN consisting of few
computers, printers and other devices or big as
WAN consisting of many small and large
computers distributed over vast geographic area.
• A networking system consists of five basic
elements arranged in following manner and
follow the process of communication in the order
 COMPUTER
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION NETWORK
SOFTWARE
SOURCE DEVICE
COMMUNICATION
RECEIVER
CHANNEL
• The originating/ source computer that transmits data.
Data can be in the form of files on the disk or entered
via a keyboard.
• A data communication device attached to the sending
computer. It converts the data in the form it can be
transmitted.
• A communication channel, which carries the data from
point to point. This can be a telephone line or
microwave relay system.
• Data communication system device attached to the
receiving system, capable of converting the data in
form which receiving system can read.
• The receiving computer, which receives the
information and displays it on the screen, prints them,
and store them in a file.
 OBJECTIVES OF NETWORKING
• To provide connectivity between various hardware
and software products, the connected component
can communicate in a seamless way
• To permit simple and easy installation of the
software and operation of all network component.
• To enable modular building of wide variety of
network devices to reduce the cost.
• To allow the network to grow in all dimensions, as
and when needed.
• To permit reliable and error-free transmission by
providing appropriate error correcting and detecting
capabilities.
• The availability of the network be fully operational
24 hours/day, 7 days/week.
• Flexibility to permit availability of the new
technology in the network, as new needs evolve.
• To provide services to the user, that can be easily
used, yet isolate users from the technical details
of network structure and implementation.
• Manageability to detect and isolated problems,
and to take appropriate correction.
 ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
• Sharing of Hardware: Networking allows the user to
share the hardware in departments of a
company/institution.
• Sharing of Information: It allows the sharing of
information, which may be used constantly throughout
the company.
• Transfer of Text : Networking facilitates the electronic
transfer of text. Organization, always transfer data from
one place to another.
• Decentralization of Data Processing: A complicated job
can be divided into multiple modules and can be
distributed to different department for processing
• Easy Communication: Various organization cooperating
in a task can communicate with each other on network
and exchange information.
 COMMUNICATION INTERFACE DEVICES
• Network Interface Cards(NIC)- it
allows the transmission of data over
a cable network which connects
various computer and other devices
such as printer.
• It has additional memory for
buffering, incoming and outgoing
data packets, thus it increase the
network throughput.
• Modem: it is device carries
voice or sound signals like
telephone system. In order to
carry digital information, that
information must be converted
into an analog pattern.
• Thus the modem refers to a
device which performs two
processes modulation i.e
conversion from digital to
analog and demodulation i.e
reverse the conversion from
analog to digital.
• Modems transmission speed is
measured in bits per second.
Multiplexer: it is an electronic device that
divides a physical channel